Effects of Wind Fences on the Wind Environment around Jang Bogo Antarctic Research Station

This study investigated the flow characteristics altered by Jang Bogo Antarctic Research Station using computational fluid dynamics(CFD) modeling. The topography and buildings around Jang Bogo Station were constructed with computeraided-design data in the CFD model domain. We simulated 16 cases with different inflow directions, and compared the flow characteristics with and without Jang Bogo Station for each inflow direction. The wind data recorded by the site's automatic weather station(AWS) were used for comparison. Wind rose analysis showed that the wind speed and direction after the construction of Jang Bogo Station were quite different from those before construction. We also investigated how virtual wind fences would modify the flow patterns, changing the distance of the fence from the station as well as the porosity of the fence. For westerly inflows, when the AWS was downwind of Jang Bogo Station, the decrease in wind speed was maximized(-81% for west-northwesterly). The wind speed reduction was also greater as the distance of the fence was closer to Jang Bogo Station. With the same distance, the fence with medium porosity(25%–33%) maximized the wind speed reduction.These results suggest that the location and material of the wind fence should be selected carefully, or AWS data should be interpreted cautiously, for particular prevailing wind directions.     

Possibility of Solid Hydrometeor Growth Zone Identification Using Radar Spectrum Width

In this study, the correlation between simulated and measured radar velocity spectrum width(σ_v) is investigated. The results show that the dendrites growth zones(DGZs) and needles growth zones(NGZs) mostly contain dendrites(DN) and needles(NE), respectively.Clear σ_v zones(1.1 < σ_v(m s^–1) < 1.3 and 0.3 < σ_v(m s^–1) < 0.7 for the DGZ and NGZ, respectively) could be identified in the case studies(27 and 28 February 2016) n...     

Petrogenesis and Solidification Depth of the Jurassic Daebo and Cretaceous Bulguksa Granitic Rocks in South Korea

We investigated the Jurassic Daebo and Cretaceous Bulguksa granitic rocks in South Korea. The former are distributed mainly in the Gyeonggi and Yeongnam massifs and the latter are present in the Gyeongsan basin and Ogcheon belt. The Daebo granitic rocks generally are of ilmenite series and I to S type. These rocks are associated with Au–Ag hydrothermal deposits, whereas the Bulguksa granitic rocks are of magnetite series and I type, and are associated with Pb–Zn, Cu and Mo–W hydrothermal deposits, as well as Au–Ag hydrothermal deposits. The Daebo granitic rocks show adakitic signatures in their chemical compositions. They are considered to have been derived from partial melting of the thick lower continental crust. Conversely, the Bulguksa granitic rocks in the Gyeongsan basin are non‐adakitic and are considered to have been derived from partial melting of a mantle wedge. Magmas of the Daebo granitic rocks formed at relatively shallow levels, but solidified at deep levels compared with those of the Bulguksa granitic rocks. The Bulguksa granitic rocks in the central to western Ogcheon belt are considered to have been formed by fractionation of magmas derived from partial melting of continental crust. The total Al contents of biotite and hornblende in the granitic rocks increased, with the Bulguksa granitic rocks in the Gyeongsan basin < the Bulguksa granitic rocks in the Ogcheon belt and Gyeonggi and Yeongnam massifs and the Daebo granitic rocks in the Ogcheon belt < the Daebo granitic rocks in the Gyeonggi and Yeongnam massifs. This order corresponds to an increase in solidification depth.     

Change in future tropical cyclone activity over the western North Pacific under global warming scenario

Differences in atmospheric and oceanic environments which affect the tropical cyclone (TC) activity between the late twenty-first century (2071?C2100, A1B) and the late twentieth century (1971?C2000, 20C3M) are analyzed using multi-model ensemble from 15 general circulation models. Six factors (vertical wind shear, 700?hPa relative humidity, 850?hPa relative vorticity, outgoing longwave radiation, precipitation, and sea surface temperature) related to TC genesis predicts that more TCs in the future will occur than in the present. The result of maximum potential intensity analysis shows the frequency of occurrence and influence of stronger TCs will increase over the western North Pacific in the future. Anomalous northerly in the mid-latitudes of East Asia due to the strengthening of west-high and east-low pressure system pattern in the future plays an important role in blocking TC from moving toward mid-latitudes of East Asia. The multiple linear regression model (MLRM) developed using six predictors (independent variables) analyzed from NCEP-NCAR reanalysis data predicts that total TC genesis frequency during July to October (JASO), which predicted using data of 20C3M, will have more (2?C3) TCs than in the present.     

Cluster analysis of tropical cyclone tracks around Korea and its climatological properties

After the fuzzy clustering method (FCM) that analyzes the tracks of the tropical cyclones (TCs) struck the Korean peninsula (hereafter, K-TC) for a 60-year period (1951?C2010), it is found that both frequency and intensity of K-TC have been increased in recent years. In the order of the cluster number, both K-TC track pattern and its full-track pattern tended to shift southward. That is, while the passage frequency of TC in mainland China and the Manchurian regions decreased, it instead over the sea. Due to this decrease in the topographic effect on TC before reaching Korea, TC intensity around Korea became stronger. The vertical wind shear well reflected a TC intensity around Korea, which became weaker in mid-latitudes of East Asia. On the other hand, the peak month of K-TC frequency lags in the order of the cluster number. The two clusters that most TCs pass through the Korean Peninsula showed a stronger intensity and higher frequency before the 1970s. Meanwhile, another two clusters that most TCs pass through the Straits of Korea or the western region of the Japanese Islands showed those characteristics from the 1980s onward. Consequently, the changes in TC track, recurvature, frequency, and intensity around Korea were related to the southward shift of the western North Pacific high in the order of the cluster number.     

The spatio-temporal characteristics of total rainfall during September in South Korea according to the variation of ENSO

A significant negative correlation between the total rainfall averaged over South Korea and the Niño-3.4 index was found for the month of September. To find out the reason for this negative correlation, composite analyses were carried out for the highest and lowest 8 years of the Niño-3.4 index. During the strong El Niño year, an anomalous anticyclone occurs in the continental East Asia, while an anomalous cyclone emerges in the subtropical western Pacific. The resultant eastward pressure gradient force induces anomalous northerlies in most regions of East Asia, which produces anomalous cold and dry conditions throughout the troposphere between 120° and 140°E, reducing the Korean rainfall. It is also found that during El Niño year, tropical cyclones (TCs) tend to recurve far east offshore of Japan because the weakening of the western North Pacific subtropical high (WNPSH). During La Niña years, on the other hand, the strengthening and westward extension of the WNPSH render more TCs influencing the Korean peninsula. Therefore, the TC track changes associated with El Niño-Southern Oscillation is another contributor to change of the Korean rainfall.     

Cluster analysis of Tropical Cyclones making landfall on the Korean Peninsula

Cluster analysis has been performed on the tracks of 51 Tropical Cyclones (TCs) that made landfall on the Korean Peninsula (KP) for the period of 1951–2004. The classification technique of the landfalling tracks used in this study was the fuzzy clustering method (FCM) and the resultant silhouette coe?cient suggested four clusters as an optimal cluster number. Most TCs of Cluster 2 and Cluster 3 (C-23) tended to pass through mainland China before landfall, but those of Cluster 1 and Cluster 4 (C-14) tended t...     

Statistical model for seasonal prediction of tropical cyclone frequency in the mid-latitudes of East Asia

This study constructed a multiple linear regression model (MLRM) for the seasonal prediction of summer tropical cyclone (TC) frequency in the mid-latitudes of East Asia and then analyzed its validity using large-scale environments. The 850-hPa geopotential heights of the preceding April in the open ocean east of the Philippines and in the Bering Sea were used as independent variables. In the low-frequency years predicted by the MLRM, there was a larger amount of sea ice around the Sea of Okhotsk during the preceding spring and its cooling effect continued into the summer. In addition, topographic and geographic effects around the Sea of Okhotsk that results in the easy formation of cold air created an anomalous cold high over this region in the summer. As a result, the northerlies from an anomalous cold high around the Sea of Okhotsk caused cold surface air temperature anomalies in the mid-latitudes of East Asia, which played an important role in preventing a western Pacific subtropical high from advancing toward the mid-latitudes of East Asia. Eventually, these environments led to a reduced summer TC frequency in the mid-latitudes of East Asia.     

The significant increase of summer rainfall occurring in Korea from 1998

Using the techniques of empirical orthogonal function analysis and the change-point analysis to total summer rainfall from 60 weather observation stations, it was found that total summer (from June to September) rainfall in Korea has increased greatly since 1998. The increase level was higher in the season between Changma and late summer rainy season (from the end of July to early August) and in the season after late summer rainy season (after the early September). Among the reasons for increase of summer rainfall in Korea since 1998, the north-high and south-low pressure pattern formed around Korea drew attention. As northeasterlies and southeasterlies derived from these two pressure systems converged in Korea, rainfall and moisture convergence increased most in Korea of the East Asia regions (0–60°, 100–180° E). In addition, the atmosphere above Korea revealed that there were strong ascents from the ground to 200-hPa level with the warm air to 500-hPa level.     

根据重力数据研究黄海周边断裂带在海区的延伸

根据黄海及周边地区的布格重力资料,通过解析延拓、目标场提取、任意水平方向导数计算、离散小波变换等处理,得到各种有关断裂的信息.经过与地质资料综合分析,选择123°E经线为典型剖面,以地震资料建立初始模型,对该剖面进行重力正反演迭代拟合,最终得到各模块的密度参数及分布,并在此基础上分析了研究区主要断裂的地质地球物理特征,给出了研究区的断裂带、块体结合带分布图.重点对朝鲜半岛西缘断裂带和五莲-青岛-荣城断裂带进行了讨论,提出五莲-青岛-荣城断裂带并未进入朝鲜半岛与临津江断裂带相连.认为朝鲜半岛西缘断裂带西侧属于扬子块体的部分曾受北向应力作用向北发生了平移.由五莲-青岛-荣城断裂带和南黄海北部断裂带、朝鲜半岛西缘断裂带及济州岛南缘断裂带共同组成的断裂带应该是中朝与扬子块体之间的结合带.