基于单差搜索的格拉纳斯双差模糊度固定方法

格拉纳斯(GLONASS)系统采用频分多址技术,差分技术处理双差载波相位观测值时为保持模糊度参数的整数特性,需要加入伪距计算单差模糊度进行辅助求解。为了降低伪距观测误差对双差模糊度快速固定的影响,本文给出了一种GLONASS双差模糊度解算方法:建立检验搜索出最佳的单差模糊度,再固定双差模糊度;并利用实测数据对该方法进行验证,结果证明可以有效地减少伪距误差对双差模糊度解算的影响。     

地形追随垂直运动方程在南疆极端暴雨中的诊断分析

针对2021年6月15～17日发生在昆仑山脉北坡的南疆极端暴雨过程,本文综合考虑地形对暴雨发生、发展的作用后,利用地形追随坐标控制方程并采用Boussinesq近似推导建立了地形追随坐标的非静力平衡广义垂直运动方程。诊断结果表明,经向气压梯度力耦合经向散度项（项一）、垂直气压梯度力耦合纬向散度项（项二）和非绝热加热经向梯度项（项三）是激发暴雨垂直运动发展演变的三个主要强迫项。项一体现了偏北风逐渐增强,在昆仑山脉的阻挡下导致经向辐合增强,触发了垂直上升运动。经向气流辐合始终是对流活动最主要的强迫过程,其次为纬向气流辐合。在地形追随坐标形式下,经向和垂直气压梯度能够增强项一和项二。对流发展阶段,水汽辐合与非绝热加热过程增强了非绝热加热经向梯度,促进了垂直上升运动发展。在地形的影响下,对流层中高层西风过山气流波动特征明显。重力波活动导致的高层辐散进一步促进了山脉迎风坡对流活动。经向和纬向气流辐合、非绝热加热过程以及重力波活动等多个因素共同造成了此次南疆极端暴雨。     

2019年7月3日辽宁开原伴随EF4级强龙卷的超级单体风暴分析

综合利用多普勒雷达、地面自动气象站以及风廓线等观测资料和ERA5再分析资料,对2019年7月3日发生于辽宁开原的超级单体风暴伴随EF4级强龙卷环境条件、多普勒雷达回波特征和形成机理进行详细分析。结果表明:本次过程发生于低层暖湿高层冷干强的热力不稳定环境条件下,在地面干线汇合流场形成地面辐合线附近触发湿对流并发展为伴有龙卷的超级单体风暴。龙卷发生于低层钩状回波附近,多普勒雷达上呈现经典超级单体风暴雷达回波特征,低层强的垂直风切变将水平涡度转化为对流风暴中垂直涡度,强上升运动使得顺流涡度倾斜拉伸,从而龙卷发生前17 min在多普勒雷达2.4°仰角首先出现中气旋结构,随后风暴向南移动过程中,风暴的后侧下沉气流(RFD)将中低层的涡度“压低”致使龙卷接地,因此龙卷发生后1 min在0.5°仰角也出现强中气旋并有类龙卷涡旋特征(TVS),中气旋最强时的旋转速度达到28 m·s^(-1)(强中气旋标准),因此本次龙卷符合“自上而下”I型龙卷特征。由于环境干燥空气夹卷造成水滴强烈蒸发和冷却,使得地面出现了1 h降温达10℃的强冷池,过强的冷池可能在促使龙卷消亡过程中起到关键作用,致使龙卷持续了约30 min后消亡。     

The First Global Carbon Dioxide Flux Map Derived from TanSat Measurements

Space-borne measurements of atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations provide global observation constraints for top-down estimates of surface carbon flux.Here,the first estimates of the global distribution of carbon surface fluxes inferred from dry-air CO_2 column (XCO_2) measurements by the Chinese Global Carbon Dioxide Monitoring Scientific Experimental Satellite (Tan Sat) are presented.An ensemble transform Kalman filter (ETKF) data assimilation system coupled with the GEOS-Chem global chemistry transport model is used to optimally fit model simulations with the Tan Sat XCO_2 observations,which were retrieved using the Institute of Atmospheric Physics Carbon dioxide retrieval Algorithm for Satellite remote sensing (IAPCAS).High posterior error reduction (30%–50%) compared with a priori fluxes indicates that assimilating satellite XCO_2 measurements provides highly effective constraints on global carbon flux estimation.Their impacts are also highlighted by significant spatiotemporal shifts in flux patterns over regions critical to the global carbon budget,such as tropical South America and China.An integrated global land carbon net flux of 6.71±0.76 Gt C yr~(-1) over12 months (May 2017–April 2018) is estimated from the Tan Sat XCO_2 data,which is generally consistent with other inversions based on satellite data,such as the JAXA GOSAT and NASA OCO-2 XCO_2 retrievals.However,discrepancies were found in some regional flux estimates,particularly over the Southern Hemisphere,where there may still be uncorrected bias between satellite measurements due to the lack of independent reference observations.The results of this study provide the groundwork for further studies using current or future Tan Sat XCO_2 data together with other surfacebased and space-borne measurements to quantify biosphere–atmosphere carbon exchange.     

Characterization of Regional Combustion Efficiency using ΔXCO: ΔXCO2 Observed by a Portable Fourier-Transform Spectrometer at an Urban Site in Beijing

Measurements of column-averaged dry-air mole fractions of carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide, CO₂ (XCO₂) and CO (XCO), were performed throughout 2019 at an urban site in Beijing using a compact Fourier Transform Spectrometer (FTS) EM27/SUN. This data set is used to assess the characteristics of combustion-related CO₂ emissions of urban Beijing by analyzing the correlated daily anomalies of XCO and XCO₂ (e.g., ΔXCO and ΔXCO₂). The EM27/SUN measurements were calibrated to a 125HR-FTS at the Xianghe station by an extra EM27/SUN instrument transferred between two sites. The ratio of ΔXCO over ΔXCO₂ (ΔXCO:ΔXCO₂) is used to estimate the combustion efficiency in the Beijing region. A high correlation coefficient (0.86) between ΔXCO and ΔXCO₂ is observed. The CO:CO₂ emission ratio estimated from inventories is higher than the observed ΔXCO:ΔXCO₂ (10.46 ± 0.11 ppb ppm^?1) by 42.54%–101.15%, indicating an underestimation in combustion efficiency in the inventories. Daily ΔXCO:ΔXCO₂ are influenced by transportation governed by weather conditions, except for days in summer when the correlation is low due to the terrestrial biotic activity. By convolving the column footprint [ppm (μmol m^–2 s^–1)^–1] generated by the Weather Research and Forecasting-X-Stochastic Time-Inverted Lagrangian Transport models (WRF-X-STILT) with two fossil-fuel emission inventories (the Multi-resolution Emission Inventory for China (MEIC) and the Peking University (PKU) inventory), the observed enhancements of CO₂ and CO were used to evaluate the regional emissions. The CO₂ emissions appear to be underestimated by 11% and 49% for the MEIC and PKU inventories, respectively, while CO emissions were overestimated by MEIC (30%) and PKU (35%) in the Beijing area.     

砾石覆盖紫色土坡耕地水文过程

紫色土中砾石分布广泛,地表常为砾石覆盖,砾石覆盖对土壤水文过程有着重要影响。试验小区(2 m×1 m)为坡度23°的坡耕地, 试验降雨强度为(53.9±2.8)mm/h、 (90.8±6.1)mm/h和(134.3±14.9)mm/h, 砾石覆盖度为0%,11%,20%,33%和42%。通过原位人工模拟降雨试验,定量研究了不同降雨强度下砾石覆盖对降雨入渗、地表产流及壤中流产流的影响。结果表明:砾石覆盖对入渗过程影响显著,稳定入渗速率及稳定入渗系数与砾石覆盖度呈正相关关系,3种降雨强度下,稳定入渗系数分别为47.70%~86.59%,30.61%~82.83%、17.76%~77.44%,42%砾石覆盖度小区的稳定入渗速率分别是裸露小区的1.95~4.94倍;地表砾石覆盖延迟地表产流、减少地表径流量,地表产流时间随着砾石覆盖度的提高呈增加趋势,地表径流速率及地表径流系数随砾石覆盖度的增加而降低,相对地表径流系数与地表砾石覆盖度呈指数负相关关系;地表砾石覆盖促进壤中流的发生、增加壤中流量,壤中流产流时间随着砾石覆盖度的增加逐渐缩短,壤中流径流速率及壤中流径流系数随地表砾石覆盖度的增加而提高,相对壤中流径流系数与地表砾石覆盖度呈指数正相关关系。     

坡面流水力学参数对团聚体剥蚀程度的定量影响

土壤团聚体作为径流搬运过程中的基本结构单元,其在径流运移中的剥蚀破坏影响着坡面径流入渗状况、泥沙含量及地表侵蚀过程的强度。利用变坡试验水槽,在不同流量(0.4~1.2 L/s)和坡度(8.8%~46.6%)范围内,详细分析了流量、坡度、径流水深和阻力系数对鄂南两种典型母质发育红壤团聚体剥蚀破坏的定量影响。研究结果表明,流量和坡度对两种母质发育红壤团聚体的剥蚀影响都是极显著的,坡度对两种红壤团聚体的剥蚀破坏影响均大于流量;不同流量和坡度组合下的团聚体剥蚀破坏变化规律不同,利用流量和坡度的幂函数可以准确地预测团聚体剥蚀程度;在两种水力学参数之间,团聚体剥蚀程度随着径流水深的增加而降低,随着阻力系数的变大剥蚀程度增加。     

黑龙江苏家铁多金属矿床地质、地球化学特征及成因

苏家铁多金属矿床位于黑龙江省张广才岭成矿带内,受一撮毛碱长花岗岩体及相关花岗斑岩岩体控制。矿体产出于花岗斑岩和大理岩的接触带及层间破裂带内,主要为矽卡岩型铁锌矿体。组成矿体的主要矿石矿物为磁铁矿和闪锌矿; 围岩蚀变类型主要有矽卡岩化、矽化、角岩化、碳酸盐化和绿泥石化,其中矽卡岩化与矿化关系密切,是区内的主要找矿标志。矿床地球化学特征研究表明成矿物质来自壳源岩浆演化和上部热液交代碳酸岩地层,并在矽卡岩带内形成矿化体和矿体。结合成矿地质背景,确定苏家铁多金属矿床为矽卡岩型矿床。     

广西佛子冲铅锌矿床地质地球化学特征

佛子冲铅锌矿床位于南岭成矿带中部南缘、博白-岑溪深断裂带北端。矿体产于奥陶系浅变质钙质碎屑岩和泥质灰岩中,主要受北北东向断层和岩体与地层接触面控制。本文通过对佛子冲铅锌矿床104号矿体中石英、闪锌矿和方解石包裹体均一温度的测定,对硫、铅、氢、氧等同位素的组成研究,以及根据闪锌矿Rb-Sr等时线年龄132±3 Ma,认为佛子冲铅锌矿属于与岩浆期后流体作用有关的燕山期中-高温热液矿床。