Assessment of village-wise groundwater draft for irrigation: a field-based study in hard-rock aquifers of central India

Extracted groundwater, 90% of which is used for irrigated agriculture, is central to the socio-economic development of India. A lack of regulation or implementation of regulations, alongside unrecorded extraction, often leads to over exploitation of large-scale common-pool resources like groundwater. Inevitably, management of groundwater extraction (draft) for irrigation is critical for sustainability of aquifers and the society at large. However, existing assessments of groundwater draft, which are mostly available at large spatial scales, are inadequate for managing groundwater resources that are primarily exploited by stakeholders at much finer scales. This study presents an estimate, projection and analysis of fine-scale groundwater draft in the Seonath-Kharun interfluve of central India. Using field surveys of instantaneous discharge from irrigation wells and boreholes, annual groundwater draft for irrigation in this area is estimated to be 212 × 10⁶ m³, most of which (89%) is withdrawn during non-monsoon season. However, the density of wells/boreholes, and consequent extraction of groundwater, is controlled by the existing hydrogeological conditions. Based on trends in the number of abstraction structures (1982–2011), groundwater draft for the year 2020 is projected to be approximately 307 × 10⁶ m³; hence, groundwater draft for irrigation in the study area is predicted to increase by ～44% within a span of 8 years. Central to the work presented here is the approach for estimation and prediction of groundwater draft at finer scales, which can be extended to critical groundwater zones of the country.     

Interpretation of undisturbed hydrogeochemical conditions in Neogene sediments of the Horonobe area, Hokkaido, Japan

Empirical, geostatistical and geochemical modeling techniques were used to determine whether chemical, isotopic and mineralogical data collected in surface-based borehole investigations at the Horonobe Underground Research Laboratory (URL) site in Hokkaido, Japan were representative of the natural environment before it was disturbed by borehole drilling, hydraulic testing and sampling. Water samples collected either by pumping groundwaters to the surface from borehole sections that had been isolated by inflatable packers or by squeezing porewaters from drillcores sampled from the same borehole and sampling depth were found to be similar in certain respects (m_Na+, m_Cl−, δ¹⁸O and δD) but not others (m_SO42−, m_Ca2+, m_Mg2+ and m_K+). The inconsistencies suggest that a majority of the porewater samples were contaminated as a result of pyrite oxidation and dissolution of carbonate minerals during sampling, storage and/or squeezing of the drillcores. Multivariate geostatistical analyses support this hypothesis, and further suggest that uncontaminated porewaters and groundwaters can be divided into three representative groups: a low salinity, low δ¹⁸O and low δD group; a moderate salinity, low Ca-Mg group; and a high salinity, high K and moderate Ca-Mg group. The groundwaters also contain high concentrations of dissolved gases, including CH₄(g), CO₂(g), H₂S(g) and various hydrocarbons, which exsolve from the groundwaters as they are pumped to the surface for sampling. The effects of such degassing on the chemistry of groundwater samples was evaluated by using a reaction-path model to simulate the titration of gases collected at the surface back into the samples. Results suggest that undisturbed groundwaters are slightly more acidic than their sampled counterparts, and contain roughly equivalent activities of dissolved CH₄(aq) and carbonate species. Redox potentials calculated using the corrected groundwater compositions and assuming equilibrium for the CH₄(aq)/CO₂(aq) redox couple are significantly more negative than those determined in situ in one borehole using a downhole chemical probe, and those that can be inferred from the ubiquitous presence of small amounts of framboidal pyrite and siderite in siliceous biogenic sediments of the Horonobe area. The empirical, geostatistical and geochemical modeling techniques considered in this study can be adapted for use in characterizing the hydrogeochemical environment of a site that will eventually be selected to host a geologic repository for high-level nuclear waste in Japan.     

沈积岩石学

沈积学,在二十世纪初叶始渐起而为地质学中之新支,近数十年来随着石油工业之发达,而日趋蓬勃;一变昔日仅以岩石性质研究为沈积原因之解说,而侧重沈积作用及沈积环境之     

LIP Reading: Recognizing Oceanic Plateaux in the Geological Record

Basaltic oceanic plateaux are important features in the geologicalrecord. Not only do they record ancient mantle plume activity,but they also are believed to be important building blocks inthe formation of the continental crust. In this paper we reviewthe salient features of two Cretaceous oceanic plateaux (theOntong Java and the Caribbean–Colombian): thick sequencesof predominantly homogeneous basalt; the occurrence of high-MgObasalt, including komatiites; and an apparent absence of sheeteddyke complexes. In addition, pyroclastic deposits may be scarce.We then explore ways of distinguishing plateaux from basalticsequences erupted in different tectonomagmatic settings: continentalflood basalt provinces; island arcs; back-arc basins; oceanislands and mid-ocean ridges. Using these criteria, potentialArchaean and Proterozoic oceanic plateaux are reviewed and identified.Finally, we explore how these remnant oceanic plateaux becameincorporated into the continents, by reviewing the proposedaccretion mechanisms for the Cretaceous Caribbean–Colombianoceanic plateau, on the basis of evidence from South Americaand the tonalites of the southern Caribbean island of Aruba. KEY WORDS: oceanic plateau; basalt geochemistry; large igneous provinces; plumes     

A genetic assessment of the taxonomic status of New Zealand mussels of the genus Xenostrobus Wilson, 1967

ABSTRACT

The genus Xenostrobus consists of small, marine and estuarine mussels that all appear similar externally. One of its estuarine species, Xenostrobus securis, with a native range in New Zealand and Australia, has become invasive in the Northern Hemisphere. No genetic data are available to determine if X. securis populations from the two countries are conspecific. Additionally, marine Xenostrobus from New Zealand have often been regarded as a species, X. neozelanicus, distinct fromthe marine Australian species X. pulex. We combined new DNA sequences with published data to assess the taxonomic status of New Zealand Xenostrobus. The data comprised 658 aligned bases of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene and 331 bases of nuclear histone H3. There was no evidence that X. securis populations from Australia and New Zealand are specifically distinct. Northern Hemisphere specimens of X. securis belonged to Australian, not New Zealand, clades in phylogenetic analyses of COI data, suggesting the former country as their more likely original source. The results confirm that X. neozelanicus and X. pulex are distinct species and for nomenclatural completeness for this taxonomic decision a lectotype is designated for Mytilus ater Zelebor in Dunker and Zelebor, 1866 DunkerW, ZeleborJ. 1866. Bericht über die von der Novara-expedition mitgebrachten Mollusken. Verhandlungen der Kaiserlich-Königlichen Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien. 16:909–916. [Google Scholar] [?=?Modiolus neozelanicus Iredale, 1915 IredaleT. 1915. A commentary on Suter’s ‘Manual of New Zealand Mollusca’. Transactions of the New Zealand Institute. 47:417–497. [Google Scholar]].     

Growth of bultfonteinite and hydrogarnet in metasomatized basalt xenoliths in the B/K9 kimberlite, Damtshaa, Botswana: insights into hydrothermal metamorphism in kimberlite pipes

Metamorphic assemblages within Karoo basalt xenoliths, found within volcaniclastic kimberlite of the B/K9 pipe, Damtshaa, Botswana, constrain conditions of kimberlite alteration. Bultfonteinite and chlorite partially replace the original augite-plagioclase assemblage, driven by the serpentinisation of the kimberlite creating strong chemical potential gradients for Si and Mg. Hydrogarnet and serpentine replace these earlier metamorphic assemblages as the deposits cool. The bultfonteinite (ideally Ca₂SiO₂[OH,F]₄) and hydrogarnet assemblages require a water-rich fluid containing F⁻, and imply hydrothermal alteration dominated by external fluids rather than autometamorphism from deuteric fluids. Bultfonteinite and hydrogarnet are estimated to form at temperatures of ca. 350–250°C, which are similar to those for serpentinisation. Alteration within the B/K9 kimberlite predominantly occurs between 250 and 400°C. We attribute these conditions to increased efficiency of mass transfer and chemical reactions below the critical point of water and a consequence of volume-increasing serpentinisation and metasomatic reactions that take place over this temperature range. A comparison of the B/K9 kimberlite with kimberlites from Venetia, South Africa suggests that the composition and mineralogy of included xenoliths affects the alteration assemblages within kimberlite deposits.     

A 44-year high-resolution ocean and atmospheric hindcast for the Mediterranean Basin developed within the HIPOCAS Project

A set of 44-year (1958–2001) homogeneous and high-resolution hindcasts of atmospheric, sea level residuals, and wave states was performed for the Mediterranean Basin within the framework of the HIPOCAS European Project. To this aim, different numerical models were used. As a first step, a Mediterranean high-resolution atmospheric database, suitable to provide realistic and homogeneous forcing for ocean hindcast runs was generated. The HIPOCAS atmospheric database was created by means of dynamical downscaling from the global reanalysis NCEP, using for that the limited area model SN-REMO along with a spectral nudging technique. In a second stage, different Mediterranean oceanic hindcasts were performed. On one hand a long-term database of sea state over the western Mediterranean was generated by means of the wave model WAM and on the other hand a sea level residual database containing storm surge events was obtained from a long-term integration of the HAMSOM model over the entire basin. The three different hindcast runs have been exhaustively validated. On that score, various simulated parameters have been compared to both satellite and in situ measurements. Such comparisons provide a measure of the skills of the different simulated fields to realistically reproduce the observed features. Once these skills are evaluated, a study of the ocean and atmospheric climate trends as well as the interannual variability for the whole 44-year period was carried out with the hindcasted data. The reliability of the data as shown by its comparison to measurements and a proven temporal homogeneity over the 44 years of simulation make the Mediterranean HIPOCAS ocean–atmosphere hindcasted database a useful tool for studies focused on regional climatic variability, as well as for further applications in coastal and environmental decision processes in the Mediterranean area.     

Variation of stream temperature among mesoscale habitats within stream reaches: southern Appalachians

Stream mesoscale habitats have systematic topographic relationships to hyporheic flow patterns, which may create predictable temperature variation between mesoscale habitat types. We investigated whether systematic differences in temperature metrics occurred between mesoscale habitats within reaches of small streams tributary to the upper Little Tennessee River, southern Appalachians. Surface water temperature was recorded over three or four mid‐summer days in four mesoscale habitat types: riffle, main riffle, pool and alcove in 44 stream segments (sites). Temperature metrics were calculated for each mesoscale habitat relative to the mean value of the metric over the stream: Δ maximum temperature, Δ average maximum temperature and Δ maximum daily variation and also for each site: standard deviation of the maximum temperature and average diurnal variation (ADV). Sites were categorized as fully or partially forested. Pool tailouts had statistically significantly lower Δ maximum temperature and Δ average maximum temperature than riffle tailouts in partially forested sites, although differences were small. This was the opposite of what was expected in the presence of hyporheic exchange, indicating hyporheic exchange is not a dominant driver of mesoscale habitat temperatures at these sites. Temperature differences between mesoscale habitat units were small and unlikely to have ecological significance. We also evaluated relationships between stream temperature and riparian condition, watershed % impervious surfaces, watershed % non‐forested and elevation. ADV and standard deviation of the maximum temperature were significantly higher in partially forested sites, indicating that partially forested sites have greater temperature ranges and spatial variation of maximum temperatures. ADV decreased with elevation and increased with % impervious surfaces. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.