Composition and flux of suspended organic matter in the middle and lower reaches of the Changjiang (Yangtze River) — impact of the Three Gorges Dam and the role of tributaries and channel erosion

To investigate the sources of particulate organic matter (POM) and the impact of Three Gorges Dam (TGD), two large lakes and erosion processes on determining the composition and flux of POM in low water discharge periods along the middle and lower Changjiang, suspended particulate samples were collected along the middle and lower reaches of the Changjiang (Yangtze River) in January 2008. Organic geochemistry of bulk sediment (particulate organic carbon, organic carbon to nitrogen molar ratio (C/N), stable carbon isotope (δ¹³C) and grain size) and biomarker of bulk sediment (lignin phenols) were measured to trace the sources of POM. The range of C/N ratios (6.4–8.9), δ¹³C (?24.3‰ – ?26.2‰) and lignin phenols concentration Λ8 (0.45 mg/100 mg OC‐2.00 mg/100 mg OC) of POM suggested that POM originated from the mixture of soil, plant tissue and autochthonous organic matter (OM) during the dry season. POM from lakes contained a higher portion of terrestrial OM than the mainstream, which was related to sand mining and hydropower erosion processes. A three end‐member model based on δ¹³C and Λ8 was performed. The results indicated that soil contributed approximately 50% of OM to the POM, which is the dominant OM source in most stations. POM composition was affected by total suspended matter (TSM) and grain size composition, and the direct OM input from two lakes and channel erosion induced OM. The lower TSM concentration in January 2008 was mainly caused by seasonal variations; the impact from the TGD in the dry season was relatively small. A box model indicated that more than 90% of the terrestrial OM transported by the Changjiang in January 2008 was from the middle and lower drainage basins. Channel erosion induced OM, and contributions from Poyang Lake were the major terrestrial OM sources in the dry season. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The interaction between surface water and groundwater and its effect on water quality in the Second Songhua River basin,northeast China

The relationship between surface water and groundwater not only influences the water quantity, but also affects the water quality. The stable isotopes (δD, δ ¹⁸O) and hydrochemical compositions in water samples were analysed in the Second Songhua River basin. The deep groundwater is mainly recharged from shallow groundwater in the middle and upper reaches. The shallow groundwater is discharged to rivers in the downstream. The runoff from upper reaches mainly contributed the river flow in the downstream. The CCME WQI indicated that the quality of surface water and groundwater was ‘Fair’. The mixing process between surface water and groundwater was simulated by the PHREEQC code with the results from the stable isotopes. The interaction between surface water and groundwater influences the composition of ions in the mixing water, and further affects the water quality with other factors.     

新疆东天山地区土屋和延东铜矿床斑岩叠加改造成矿作用

土屋和延东铜矿床位于东天山大南湖-头苏泉岛弧带南部,是中亚成矿带的重要组成部分。文章根据脉次穿插关系、蚀变矿物组合及矿物共生关系,将土屋和延东铜矿床均划分为斑岩成矿期、叠加改造期和表生期3个期次。土屋铜矿床的铜矿化形成于斑岩成矿期和叠加改造期,而延东铜矿床的铜矿化主要形成于叠加改造期;土屋和延东铜矿床伴生的钼矿化主要形成于叠加改造期。因此,笔者认为前人获得的辉钼矿Re-Os年龄(326.2~322.7 Ma)代表叠加改造期的成矿年龄,该期矿化与石英钠长斑岩((323.6±2.5)Ma)的侵入相关,而斑岩成矿期的矿化与斜长花岗斑岩(339~332 Ma)相关,成矿年龄为341.2~333.9 Ma。叠加改造期的存在,使得斑岩成矿期的蚀变分带可能受到了叠加和破坏。     

桂林毛村不同植被类型土壤微生物数量与碳酸酐酶活性比较

以非岩溶区林地为对比,分析了桂林毛村岩溶区4种不同植被类型土壤微生物数量及碳酸酐酶(CA)活性的季度动态变化规律,发现以下主要结果:1随着植被的正向演替,岩溶区弃耕地、草地、灌丛及林地微生物数量及CA活性逐渐升高,微生物总数从64.07×10~4cfu/g上升到178.23×10~4cfu/g,CA活性从0.77 U/g上升到1.82 U/g,岩溶区林地大于非岩溶区林地。2在岩溶区不同植被类型,微生物组成均表现为细菌最多(平均值95.14%),放线菌次之(平均值2.79%),真菌数量最少(平均值1.75%)。而在非岩溶区表现为细菌最多(平均值90.95%),真菌次之(平均值5.32%),放线菌最少(平均值3.73%)。3微生物数量季节动态整体表现为春季至夏季逐渐上升,至秋季达到最高,冬季下降,微生物总数的增长依赖于细菌的倍数增长,真菌和放线菌影响较小。CA活性整体表现为夏季和冬季低于春季和秋季,秋季达到最大值。4 CA活性与细菌及微生物总数呈极显著的正相关,表明土壤CA主要来源于细菌的分泌。     

A modeling study of effective radiative forcing and climate response due to tropospheric ozone

This study simulates the effective radiative forcing(ERF) of tropospheric ozone from 1850 to 2013 and its effects on global climate using an aerosol–climate coupled model, BCC AGCM2.0.1 CUACE/Aero, in combination with OMI(Ozone Monitoring Instrument) satellite ozone data. According to the OMI observations, the global annual mean tropospheric column ozone(TCO) was 33.9 DU in 2013, and the largest TCO was distributed in the belts between 30°N and 45°N and at approximately 30°S; the annual mean TCO was higher in the Northern Hemisphere than that in the Southern Hemisphere;and in boreal summer and autumn, the global mean TCO was higher than in winter and spring. The simulated ERF due to the change in tropospheric ozone concentration from 1850 to 2013 was 0.46 W m~(-2), thereby causing an increase in the global annual mean surface temperature by 0.36℃, and precipitation by 0.02 mm d~(-1)(the increase of surface temperature had a significance level above 95%). The surface temperature was increased more obviously over the high latitudes in both hemispheres, with the maximum exceeding 1.4?C in Siberia. There were opposite changes in precipitation near the equator,with an increase of 0.5 mm d~(-1)near the Hawaiian Islands and a decrease of about-0.6 mm d~(-1)near the middle of the Indian Ocean.     

无锡梅雨期湿沉降综合分析

利用2008—2014年梅雨期间酸雨观测资料及2014年6月16—27日降水个例加密采样资料,结合大气污染物资料分析了近7 a无锡梅雨期酸雨特征,研究降水过程中空气污染物、p H值、电导率的变化及降水对污染物的清除作用。结果表明:无锡市梅雨期酸雨年平均p H值呈现逐年递增趋势。降水过程中,颗粒物质量浓度显著降低;气体浓度变化受其自身日变化及排放源影响大于雨水的清除作用;样品的p H值、K值每个过程变化并不一致,K值变化与颗粒物质量浓度变化大致保持一致。降水、风对颗粒物质量浓度影响大于对气体浓度的影响。长时间连续降水时,降水对颗粒污染物的清除存在极限。小时雨量在0~0.5 mm时,降水对颗粒物浓度做负清除,其值反而略有增加;小时雨量在0.6~5.0 mm时,降水对颗粒物质量浓度做正清除;小时雨量达到5.1 mm及以上时,对PM_(2.5)和PM_(2.5-10)做正清除,对PM_(10)做负清除。降水对SO_2有稀释清除作用;对NO_2的稀释作用取决于其开始浓度值;对CO、O_3的清除作用不显著。     

应用系统分析与事故树模型的设备雷电灾害风险评估

分析目前国内雷电灾害风险评估发展现状,针对精细化雷击风险评估需求,以某大桥塔体电梯雷电灾害风险评估为例,在对雷击损坏途径进行系统分析的基础上,引入事故树(FTA)分析方法对电梯雷击损坏事件的致因关系进行了建模、分析与评价,得出电梯雷击损坏事件发生的年预计概率、导致雷击电梯损坏事件发生的关键以及最佳控制雷击电梯损坏事件发生的最有效因素。     

地球资源环境动态监测技术的现状与未来

针对国家全球化战略和迫切需要解决的全球环境和资源问题,本文阐述了国内外地球资源环境动态监测技术主要研究进展,发现存在地球资源环境监测高精度产品缺乏、动态监测能力不完备、遥感信息服务及时性和便携不足等主要问题。在此基础上,提出中国迫切需要发展面向全球和重点区域的持续、动态观测能力,建立全球视野的资源环境动态监测产品和应用系统,突破全球资源环境研究的理论和关键技术,建立全球资源环境遥感监测指标和技术体系,形成全球立体协同观测、资源汇聚优化、信息智能处理、云平台业务应用的自主技术体系,完善支撑任务驱动的数据汇聚、模型调度、产品生成等在线遥感信息服务能力,发布全球、洲际和全国高质量空间要素遥感信息产品、专题应用系统、技术报告等成果。最终为全球资源环境研究提供知识发现的数据和服务,支撑中国在全球资源环境监测评估、重大灾害事件监测预警、应对国家安全与全球变化等领域的服务。     

全球气候数据集生成及气候变化应用研究

科技部在"十三五"期间部署的国家重点研发计划"全球变化及应对"专项资助了"全球气候数据集生成及气候变化关键过程和要素监测"研究项目。项目围绕由全球气候观测系统提出的基本气候变量,完善地空天基观测体系,生成中国首套以遥感数据为主体的涵盖大气、海洋和陆表长时间序列、高精度、高时空一致性的产品,即气候数据集,动态监测全球变化关键过程和要素。