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81.
82.
The validation and subsequent application of the current three-dimensional numerical hydrodynamic model of Chesapeake Bay is presented. The numerical model solves conservation equations for water mass, momentum, salinity, and heat on a boundary-fitted grid in the horizontal plane and a Cartesian z-grid in the vertical. A generalized ADI finite difference scheme is employed in conjunction with mode splitting technique, solving external and the internal modes. The 10-year boundary conditions including tide, slinity, temperature, wind, heat exchange coefficient, river and non-point source flows were constructed. Model validation was accomplished by demonstrating the model's ability to reproduce observed data over time scales ranging from tidal to seasonal periods. The major parameters compared include tidal elevation, intra-tidal and residual velocities, salinity, temperature, stratification, and flux calculated through the Bay mouth.After validation, the model was applied to simulate bay hydrodynamics for the 10 years of 1985–94. These results were used to drive the three-dimensional water quality model of Chesapeake Bay, which is discussed in a companion paper. 相似文献
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Alastair J. R. Sanderson Alastair C. Edge Graham P. Smith 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2009,398(4):1698-1705
We study the distribution of projected offsets between the cluster X-ray centroid and the brightest cluster galaxy (BCG) for 65 X-ray-selected clusters from the Local Cluster Substructure Survey, with a median redshift of z = 0.23 . We find a clear correlation between X-ray/BCG projected offset and the logarithmic slope of the cluster gas density profile at 0.04 r 500 (α ), implying that more dynamically disturbed clusters have weaker cool cores. Furthermore, there is a close correspondence between the activity of the BCG, in terms of detected Hα and radio emission, and the X-ray/BCG offset, with the line-emitting galaxies all residing in clusters with X-ray/BCG offsets of ≤15 kpc. Of the BCGs with α < −0.85 and an offset <0.02 r 500 , 96 per cent (23/24) have optical emission and 88 per cent (21/24) are radio active, while none has optical emission outside these criteria. We also study the cluster gas fraction ( f gas ) within r 500 and find a significant correlation with X-ray/BCG projected offset. The mean f gas of the 'small offset' clusters (<0.02 r 500 ) is 0.106 ± 0.005 (σ= 0.03 ) compared to 0.145 ± 0.009 (σ= 0.04 ) for those with an offset >0.02 r 500 , indicating that the total mass may be systematically underestimated in clusters with larger X-ray/BCG offsets. Our results imply a link between cool core strength and cluster dynamical state consistent with the view that cluster mergers can significantly perturb cool cores, and set new constraints on models of the evolution of the intracluster medium. 相似文献
85.
Thompson J Roach A Eaglesham G Bartkow ME Edge K Mueller JF 《Marine pollution bulletin》2011,62(12):2869-2875
Perfluorinated alkyl compounds (PFCs) including perfluorooctane sulphonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) were measured in environmental samples collected from around Homebush Bay, an urban/industrial area in the upper reaches of Sydney Harbour and Parramatta River estuary. Water, surface sediment, Sea Mullet (Mugil cephalus), Sydney Rock Oyster (Saccostrea commercialis) and eggs of two bird species; White Ibis (Threskiornis molucca), and Silver Gull (Larus novaehollandiae) were analysed. In most samples PFOS was the dominant PFC. Geometric mean PFOS concentrations were 33 ng/g ww (wet weight) in gull eggs, 34 ng/g ww in ibis eggs, and 1.8 ng/g ww and 66 ng/g ww in Sea Mullet muscle and liver, respectively. In sediment the PFOS geometric mean was 1.5 ng/g, in water average PFOS and PFOA concentrations ranged from 7.5 to 21 ng/L and 4.2 to 6.4 ng/L, respectively. In oysters perfluorododecanoic acid was most abundant, with a geometric mean of 2.5 ng/g ww. 相似文献
86.
The Upper Miocene to present day Gallego Volcanic Field (GVF) is located in northwest Guadalcanal, Solomon Islands, SW Pacific, and potentially includes the offshore Savo volcano. The GVF is a multi-centred complex covering an area of ~ 800 km2 on Guadalcanal and a further ~ 30 km2 on the island of Savo, north of west Guadalcanal. GVF volcanism is characterised by effusive eruptions of lava, intrusion of sub-volcanic plutons, as well as pyroclastic flow and fall deposits dominated by block and ash flow deposits. Geochemical analysis of a representative suite of samples from the GVF demonstrates that the GVF comprise largely a ‘main suite’ of basalts to andesites and minor trachyandesites. The predominant mineralogy of the GVF comprises plagioclase, amphibole, clinopyroxene and magnetite-ilmenite. Associated with the ‘main suite’ are cognate nodules composed of hornblendite, gabbros, and clinopyroxenite. Interpretation of major and trace element geochemistry and petrographic studies suggests that fractionation was dominated by early clinopyroxene, and later amphibole + clinopyroxene + minor plagioclase. Geochemical features such as the incompatibility of Sr suggest that plagioclase largely crystallised en-masse late in the fractionation sequence. The presence of amphibole and late fractionation of plagioclase is suggestive of derivation from initially water-rich magmas. The region is characterised by strong geographically-related geochemical variations as evidenced by the Woodlark (and Manus) basins: basalts become more arc-like within the ocean basins with decreasing distance to the subducting trench. The GVF-Savo volcanoes are spatially and geochemically affected by deep N-S fractures that show some evidence of sympathetic geochemical variations with distance from the trench (e.g. Sr/Y ratios). Comparison with a range of international data for Th/Nb vs Pb/Nb and Dy/Yb vs SiO2 indicate that: amphibole was indeed a strong controlling phase on magmatic evolution; garnet had no obvious role; there was little sediment input into the source region; that relative Pb/Nb enrichments may be linked to similar enrichments within the subducting Woodlark basin (and by analogy with the Manus basin and its abundant hydrothermal Pb-rich sulphide deposits); and the predominant influence on the source region for GVF-Savo was from metasomatic fluids and/or melts from the slab subducting at the southern trench. 相似文献
87.
Michael E. Jones Alastair C. Edge Keith Grainge William F. Grainger Rüdiger Kneissl G. G. Pooley Richard Saunders Shigeru J. Miyoshi Taisuke Tsuruta Koujun Yamashita Yuzuru Tawara Akihiro Furuzawa Akihiro Harada Isamu Hatsukade 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2005,357(2):518-526
We have observed the Sunyaev–Zel'dovich (SZ) effect in a sample of five moderate-redshift clusters with the Ryle Telescope, and used them in conjunction with X-ray imaging and spectral data from ROSAT and ASCA to measure the Hubble constant. This sample was chosen with a strict X-ray flux limit using both the Bright Cluster Sample and the Northern ROSAT All-Sky Survey (RASS) cluster catalogues to be well above the surface brightness limit of the RASS, and hence to be unbiased with respect to the orientation of the cluster. This controls a major potential systematic effect in the SZ/X-ray method of measuring H 0 . Taking the weighted geometric mean of the results and including the main sources of error, namely the noise in the SZ measurement, the uncertainty in the X-ray temperatures and the unknown ellipticity and substructure of the clusters, we find H 0 = 59+10 −9 (random)+8 −7 (systematic) km s−1 Mpc−1 assuming a standard cold dark matter model with ΩM = 1.0, ΩΛ = 0.0 or H 0 = 66+11 −10 +9 −8 km s−1 Mpc−1 if ΩM = 0.3, ΩΛ = 0.7 . 相似文献
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Abstract— Previous workers have shown that an impact ejecta layer at Massignano, Italy contains a positive Ir anomaly, flattened spheroids (pancake spherules), Ni‐rich spinel crystals, and shocked quartz with multiple sets of planar deformation features. Because of sample sizes and work by different investigators, it was not clear if the shocked quartz is associated with the Ir anomaly and pancake spherules or if it belongs to a separate impact event. To address this problem, we carried out a high‐resolution stratigraphic study of this ejecta layer. The ejecta layer was sampled continuously at 1 cm intervals in two adjacent columns. The carbonate was removed with dilute HCl, and the non‐carbonate fraction was gently sieved. Pancake spherules were recovered from the 250–500 μm size fraction and counted. At the peak abundance, the number of pancake spherules in the 250–500 μm size fraction is about 6–7/g of sample. The pancake spherules removed from the 250–500 μm size fraction are mostly translucent to opaque pale green, but some have a grey color or dark opaque patches due to a coating of Ni‐ and Cr‐rich spinel crystals. Energy‐dispersive X‐ray analysis and X‐ray diffraction data indicate that the green spherules are composed of iron‐rich smectite, probably nontronite. Black opaque spinel stringers (dark spinel‐rich pancake spherules), usually <200 μm across, can be seen in a polished section of a block that includes the ejecta layer. None of the dark spinel‐rich pancake spherules were recovered from the sieved non‐carbonate fraction due to their fragile nature, but we believe that they are from the same impact event as the green pancake spherules. The <250 μm size fractions from both columns were disaggregated using ultrasonics and re‐sieved. The 63–125 μm size fractions were then searched for shocked quartz using a petrographic microscope. At the peak‐abundance level, the number of shocked quartz grains in the 63–125 μm size fraction is about 7/g of sample. Some of the shocked quartz grains have a “toasted” appearance. These grains have a brownish color and contain a patchy distribution of faint, densely spaced planar deformation features (PDFs). Polymineralic fragments containing one or two shocked quartz grains with one or two sets of PDFs were observed. They appear to have an organic matrix and are probably fragments of agglutinated foraminiferal tests. We searched for, but did not find, coesite or shocked zircons. We found that the peak abundance of the shocked quartz is within a centimeter of the peak abundance of the green pancake spherules. We conclude that the pancake spherules are diagenetically altered clinopyroxene‐bearing spherules and that the shocked quartz, green (and presumably the dark spinel‐rich) pancake spherules, and Ir anomaly all belong to the same impact event. This conclusion is consistent with previous suggestions that the cpx spherule layer may be from the 100 km‐diameter Popigai impact crater in northern Siberia. 相似文献