Experimental study on bar formation in a scouring process

Bars are widely thought to be large sediment bodies formed under sediment supply. Nevertheless, little has been known on how they form in sediment scouring processes. In this study, we carried out a flume experiment to study the formation of bars without sediment supply. The experiment was divided into two stages. In the first stage, the discharge was successively increased; in each discharge step, the disturbance from upstream and downstream boundaries had little influence on the flow. We observed that no bars formed in this stage. In the second stage, we kept a small discharge at the flume inlet. In this stage, the bars emerged from the fluctuated bed topography with millimeter-scale bed forms by headcut initiated from the outlet. As the headcut migrated upstream, the accompanying undercut gradually forced the unconfined flow run into the low-elevation zone, lowering the water level and inducing the outcrop of regions free from the incision (i.e., bars). At the end of the experiment, a relatively stable topography formed under the joint effect of the upstream migrating headcut, the following undercut after the headcut and the lateral erosion on the emerged bars. The requirements for the formation of bars and the distinctive characteristics of the bars induced by headcut were investigated. This study shows that bars can form in a scouring process under appropriate conditions, and the headcut may be one of the precipitating factors for the formation of bars in natural rivers.     

Earth pressure evolution of the double-row long-short stabilizing pile system

Double-row stabilizing piles provide larger stabilizing force and lateral stiffness than the single ones. However, the loading shared by the front and rear pile is not the same with each other because of the shadow effects. A double-row long-short stabilizing pile system is verified in this paper. Physical model tests are used to investigate the influence of short rear pile on the earth pressures evolution in the stabilized soil. Numerical models are established and calibrated with the applied displacement–force curve and monitored earth pressure in the physical model test. The influence of the short rear stabilizing pile on the soil–pile interaction is further investigated based on the numerical model. The soil–pile relative displacement, total stabilizing force and bearing proportion of front and rear stabilizing pile are used to evaluate the soil–pile interaction. It is concluded that the total stabilizing force and bearing proportion of front and rear stabilizing pile are not significantly influence by the short rear stabilizing pile when the double-row piles are arranged in a line. When the double-row piles are arranged in a zigzag form, the total resistance provided by the double-row stabilizing piles decreases as the short rear piles are being used.     

北京地面沉降时空分布特征研究

20世纪60年代以来,北京市地面沉降不断发展,目前已经形成了东郊八里庄-大郊亭、东北郊-来广营、昌平沙河-八仙庄、大兴榆垡-礼贤和顺义平各庄5个沉降区。本文选取目前地面沉降较为严重的北京市朝阳区、顺义区和通州区作为研究区,利用2003-2010年的47景ASAR影像数据,采用SBAS-InSAR技术获取了研究区的地面沉降监测结果,并分别以SFP点年均沉降速率和各年沉降量作为权重,计算SFP点空间分布中心与方向特征椭圆,定量分析了研究区地面沉降时空特征。结果表明：2004-2010年,北京市地面沉降表现为严重的不均匀沉降,年沉降量最大值由104.04 mm增加到178.83 mm;标准差椭圆长轴与南北方向平行,反映出地面沉降空间发展方向性在南北方向较东西方向明显,椭圆面积由592.25 km²减小到 503.84 km²,表明2004-2010年研究区内发生地面沉降的区域范围变化呈减小趋势,但从沉降量可以发现,北京地面沉降一直处于加重趋势。     

基于时序InSAR的京津高铁北京段地面沉降监测

京津高铁是中国第一条高速运行的城际铁路,其安全运行对轨道的平顺性有着严格的要求。地面沉降,尤其是不均匀地面沉降会引起部分路基和桥梁变形,威胁着高速铁路的运营安全。合成孔径雷达干涉测量技术可以大范围监测地表形变,对高速铁路沿线地面沉降具有较好的监测能力。本文以45景高分辨率TerraSAR-X 数据为基础,采用 PS-InSAR技术监测京津高铁北京段沿线地面沉降,获取京津高铁北京段沿线地面沉降的分布信息,从动静载荷视角结合北京地区地下水、断裂带、地质条件和含水层系统介质等数据,综合分析高铁沿线不均匀地面沉降的原因,为京津高铁的安全运营提供技术支撑。研究结果表明：京津高铁北京段沿线地面沉降发展在空间上存在一定差异性,北京南站至十里河区间,年沉降速率小于10 mm/a; 至十八里店区间,年沉降速率在10~40 mm/a范围内浮动;过亦庄站至东石村以东区间,最大年沉降速率达到90 mm/a;至永隆村以西,年沉降有所缓解,往东至坨堤村,沉降较为稳定,年沉降速率小于10 mm/a。地下水超采是沿线区域地面沉降的主要因素,动静载荷共同作用下对地面沉降产生一定的影响,沿线地面沉降一定程度上受到南苑—通县断裂带和旧宫断裂带构造控制,沉降量较大的路段位于粘土层较厚的大兴迭隆起。     

鄱阳湖流域典型水源水库水华暴发成因及氮污染溯源

富营养化导致的藻类水华是水源地水库面临的主要生态问题之一。探究水源水库中水华暴发成因并开展污染物溯源研究,是预防水华暴发的重要前提。本文选择鄱阳湖流域赣江水系吉安市某典型水源水库为研究对象,通过分析无水华期和水华暴发期水环境特征及其演变规律,探讨了水华暴发的成因及其促发条件,并针对识别出的主要污染因子,开展了同位素溯源研究。结果表明:(1)水库水华暴发的主要原因为水体总氮浓度显著升高(由0.77 mg/L升高至1.57 mg/L),超出了国际公认的水华暴发总氮阈值(0.5~1.2 mg/L),加之夏季高温(32℃)、水库库容量较低,促进了水华暴发;(2)无水华期,水库表层水总氮主要赋存形态为硝酸盐氮(占比>90%),水华暴发期,表层水总氮主要赋存形态由硝酸盐氮转变为有机氮(占比~86%),氮赋存形态转化的主要原因为藻类同化吸收作用;(3)硝酸盐氮、氧同位素示踪结果表明,水库硝酸盐氮主要来源于上游稻田流失的氮肥(负荷贡献率64.45%),其次为上游山区土壤氮流失(14.08%)、大气沉降(12.35%)和农村生活污水(9.12%),因此水库总氮优先控制污染源为上游稻田流失的氮肥。     

Reconstruction of cropland change in European countries using integrated multisource data since AD 1800

Credible historical land use/cover data are very important for past global change research. This study generates a set of integrated reconstruction methods based on multisource data and produces a new set of improved historical cropland data sets in Europe over the past 200 years. For AD 2000, FAO data, existing research results and statistical data are integrated. For AD 1900, a method of integrating two sets of independent historical agricultural land data by correction and validation and supplemented by other historical cropland data are developed. For AD 1850 and 1800, a methodological scheme of diversified proxy integrative technology and methods based on multisource data is constructed. In this new data set, quantitative reconstructions for AD 1900, 1850 and 1800 are improved to account for 100, 78 and 57% of all European countries, respectively. The reconstruction results show that each region in Europe has been in different stage of historical agricultural development. More than 86% of the countries’ cropland area and its proportion peaked in AD 1900 or did not exceed the data for AD 2000. Specifically, a high reclamation zone gradually formed from France to Ukraine, in which every country’s cropland fraction was ≥40% during AD 1800–1900. From AD 1900–2000, the highly cultivated region contracted, and the centre of higher cropland proportions shifted to eastern Europe and Poland, Czechia and Hungary. The cropland area was systematically underestimated by HYDE3.2, with a relative difference ratio of −20 to −30% between HYDE3.2 and this study. Historical empirical data were used for only 32% of countries in HYDE3.2. This method of multiproxy integrated reconstruction is applicable to other regions of the world and it would be worth attempting to apply it to earlier historical European cropland data sets in the future.     

阿克苏地区苹果始花期预报模型研究

研究阿克苏地区苹果盛花期开放规律与温度之间的关系,为苹果花期之前相关农事的准备和预防不良天气对花期的影响提供参考依据。利用阿克苏地区2000-2019年苹果花期和气象数据,通过对苹果花期距平与3、4月的旬均温、≥0 ℃、3 ℃、5 ℃、10 ℃有效积温和活动积温的相关性分析,应用逐步回归方程,拟合出阿克苏地区苹果盛花期预报模型,对相关数据回代检测验证。研究表明：(1)与苹果树盛花期相关性大小依次为 3、4 月份有效积温>活动积温>逐旬平均气温；(2)花期距平与3月中旬均温为显著负相关,与其他指标具有极显著负相关性；(3)其中≥0℃的活动积温(X₁)和3月中旬平均温度(X₁₀)对阿克苏地区苹果盛花期影响较大,阿克苏地区苹果树花期预测模型Y= 39.882 - 0.075X₁+ 0.696X₁₀。模型拟合度较好,预测的盛花期实际值和拟合值相差绝对值为0-3d,满足生产需要。     

Google Earth Engine云平台对遥感发展的改变

近年来,随着遥感技术的快速发展,积累了海量的对地观测遥感数据.传统桌面端遥感处理平台(例如ERDAS和ENVI等)无法满足当前遥感大数据的应用需求.作为领先的遥感云计算平台,GEE (Google Earth Engine)的出现改变了传统遥感数据处理和分析模式,为海量数据快速处理与信息挖掘带来了新的契机.截止目前,科...