Evaluation of wind fields for storm events in the black sea region using a numerical regional atmospheric circulation model

A method of the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis wind data recalculation using a regional atmospheric circulation model is described. A comparison of model results and satellite measurements is performed. The results of wind wave computation using the reanalysis and model winds are presented and their comparison is made. It is shown that the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis wind recalculation using a regional atmospheric circulation model removes the underestimation in the reanalysis winds, provides a better representation of the wind regime, and, consequently, gives a possibility to create the reanalysis of wind regime in the Black Sea region to be used in climate estimates.     

Central holes in disks of spiral galaxies

On the basis of the solutions obtained in the previous paper, the changes in the scenario of the standard model of the Big Bang are found. The chaos degree (constrainst on fluctuation spectra) is obtained, which could be still preserved by the initially completely chaotic Universe at the time of light elements nucleosynthesist _es. The time boundaries of hadron and lepton eras and the time the electron neutrinos and neutrons become frozen in reactions of weak interaction may be shifted up to 1.4 times. The corresponding temperatures may shift off from the standard ones 0.88 times if the mean-square level of fluctuations is close to unity. If the density of the energy of fluctuations concentrated in the short-wave region of the spectrum is less than 1.5 ^– , the nucleosynthesis leads to a helium abundance coinciding with the observe one. If at the timet _es the maximum of the spectral density of the energy is in the long-wave region, that is _max ct _es the level of the chaos during the period of nucleosynthesis is restricted to 1.76 (where |C _K |² d³ K,C _K is Fourier component of the amplitude of metric fluctuations). In particular, the protogalactic vortical disturbances with a wide spectrum 4 × 10^{3 -1}( = K/K, = /_crit) are compatible with the observed helium abundance.     

Mesoscale structure of the fields of vertical velocity and vorticity of winds over the Black Sea

On the basis of a simple stationary linear model and a contemporary nonlinear model, we study the mesoscale characteristics of the fields of vertical velocity and vorticity of winds over the Black Sea. It is shown that, in the idealized case (without taking into account the coastal features), the temperature contrast between the land and the sea in both models leads to the formation of circulation cells in the coastal zone. However, the mountainous features prove to be the main factor affecting the process of circulation for the actual synoptic situations. We present the map of monthly average vorticity of the surface winds constructed according to the nonlinear mesoscale model with a resolution of 30 km for January 1996–2001. __________ Translated from Morskoi Gidrofizicheskii Zhurnal, No. 1, pp. 52–61, January–February, 2005.     

Advanced Russian Mission <Emphasis Type="Italic">Laplace-P</Emphasis> to Study the Planetary System of Jupiter: Scientific Goals,Objectives, Special Features and Mission Profile

The advanced Russian project Laplace-P is aimed at developing and launching two scientific spacecraft (SC)—Laplace-P1 (LP1 SC) and Laplace-P2 (LP2 SC)—designed for remote and in-situ studies of the system of Jupiter and its moon Ganymede. The LP1 and LP2 spacecraft carry an orbiter and a lander onboard, respectively. One of the orbiter’s objectives is to map the surface of Ganymede from the artificial satellite’s orbit and to acquire the data for the landing site selection. The main objective of the lander is to carry out in-situ investigations of Ganymede’s surface. The paper describes the scientific goals and objectives of the mission, its special features, and the LP1 and LP2 mission profiles during all of the phases—from the launch to the landing on the surface of Ganymede.     

Development of the sea breeze as a gravity current in the atmosphere over the Crimea

The development of the sea breeze in the Crimea during the day is studied on the basis of the mesoscale atmospheric circulation modeling. It is revealed that the formation of gravity currents directed from the banks to the center of the peninsula is observed for the cases of the weak atmospheric circulation. The results of the simulation for August 4, 2007 illustrating this phenomenon are presented. The wind speeds and velocities of the breeze front propagation are determined.     

Climatic structure of the wind fields in the Black-Sea region

For the Black-Sea region, we perform the dynamic reanalysis of the data on atmospheric circulation for the period 1958–2001 by using the HadRM3P model with a space resolution of 25 km. We estimate the mean climatic atmospheric fields of vorticity and divergence of the wind velocity and study their space structure and seasonal variability. The climatic estimates of the annual course of vorticity of the wind velocity over the sea are presented. The obtained large annual average values of vorticity of the velocity reveal the predominant role played by the wind action in the generation not only of the seasonal variability but also of the mean cyclonic circulation of waters in the Black Sea.