鄂尔多斯地区降水天气过程预报方法

鄂尔多斯素有"十年九旱、年年春旱"之称,降水量是影响当地工农牧业生产的主要因素,根据鄂尔多斯多年的降水资料,找出其降水的季节分布规律,尽可能作准降水预报,为工农牧业生产及党政决策提供参考。     

Aggregation of small ice crystals in an electric field

Abstract

Small ice crystals with average diameter of about 30 μm are produced in a large cold room and allowed to fall in a settling chamber in the presence of a quasi‐uniform electric field. Aggregates (flakes) of ice crystals are collected by permanent replicas. Results show that an electric field above a threshold value of about 4 × 10⁴ V m^‐1 rapidly increases the growth of flakes by the capture of small ice crystals. The influence of the electric field upon the growth of ice aggregates is maximum at a field strength of about 1.5 × 10⁵ V m^‐1. Comparison of the results with Jiusto's mathematical model of the growth rate gives values of the collection efficiency at different field strengths. It is very likely that the electric field increases the adhesion (aggregation) efficiency rather than the collision (cross‐section) efficiency.     

2008年6月26日锡林浩特暴雨天气过程分析及服务情况

受高空冷涡和鄂海高压的共同影响,2008年6月26日锡林浩特市出现了一次暴雨过程。通过分析表明:(1)700、850hPa的切变线,为降雨提供了辐合条件和触发条件。(2)地面冷暖锋维持少动,T-logP图中的不稳定能量和充沛的水汽,使降雨量增大。(3)雷达回波显示为絮状,东北移的过程中有气旋性运动,且有最大速度模糊,风向随高度顺转,对强降雨的发生有很好的指示意义。同时,根据分析结果,及时、到位的做好服务工作,有效减少了人民群众的财产损失。     

A multi-model comparison of Atlantic multidecadal variability

A multi-model analysis of Atlantic multidecadal variability is performed with the following aims: to investigate the similarities to observations; to assess the strength and relative importance of the different elements of the mechanism proposed by Delworth et al. (J Clim 6:1993–2011, 1993) (hereafter D93) among coupled general circulation models (CGCMs); and to relate model differences to mean systematic error. The analysis is performed with long control simulations from ten CGCMs, with lengths ranging between 500 and 3600 years. In most models the variations of sea surface temperature (SST) averaged over North Atlantic show considerable power on multidecadal time scales, but with different periodicity. The SST variations are largest in the mid-latitude region, consistent with the short instrumental record. Despite large differences in model configurations, we find quite some consistency among the models in terms of processes. In eight of the ten models the mid-latitude SST variations are significantly correlated with fluctuations in the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC), suggesting a link to northward heat transport changes. Consistent with this link, the three models with the weakest AMOC have the largest cold SST bias in the North Atlantic. There is no linear relationship on decadal timescales between AMOC and North Atlantic Oscillation in the models. Analysis of the key elements of the D93 mechanisms revealed the following: Most models present strong evidence that high-latitude winter mixing precede AMOC changes. However, the regions of wintertime convection differ among models. In most models salinity-induced density anomalies in the convective region tend to lead AMOC, while temperature-induced density anomalies lead AMOC only in one model. However, analysis shows that salinity may play an overly important role in most models, because of cold temperature biases in their relevant convective regions. In most models subpolar gyre variations tend to lead AMOC changes, and this relation is strong in more than half of the models.     

2013年内蒙古中部地区飞机增雨过程中云水资源特征分析

利用NCEP再分析资料、地面观测等资料,探讨了2013年内蒙古中部地区飞机增雨过程云水资源特征,并通过对比分析给出了适合飞机人工增雨作业的空中水汽和水凝物背景特征。结果表明:(1)夏季,单位面积地区上空整层大气水汽含量在30mm以上、云水含量2.0mm以上、小时凝结量在1.0mm以上时有利于实施增雨作业。有利作业过程水汽通量较大,作业区大部为较明显的水汽辐合,准饱和区水平范围较大,垂直方向准饱和区厚度在3.0km以上,云底高度在1.0km左右。(2)对于一次天气过程,水凝物总量为水汽总量的10%左右,源源不断的水汽输入与凝结是过程中水汽和水凝物的主要来源,有利于作业天气过程的水凝物含量明显偏多。文章的结论对内蒙古中部地区飞机人工增雨作业具有参考意义。     

Diffraction of plane SV waves by a shallow circular-arc canyon in a saturated poroelastic half-space

An analytical solution for the scattering and diffraction of incident plane SV waves by a shallow circular-arc canyon in a saturated poroelastic half-space is derived by the wave function expansion method. The solution is utilized to analyze the dependence of the computed surface motions on the incident frequencies, incident angles, porosity, boundary drainage and Poisson's ratio. It is shown that, depending on the incident angles, the surface displacement amplitudes around a canyon in a dry poroelastic half-space and saturated poroelastic half-space can be very different. The surface displacement amplitudes of an undrained saturated poroelastic half-space are close to those of a drained saturated poroelastic half-space. For low porosity, the surface displacement amplitudes of a saturated poroelastic half-space are almost identical to those of a dry poroelastic half-space, and drainage condition has little influence on the surface displacement amplitudes. But for high porosity, the effect of drainage condition becomes significant, and for the same porosity, the displacement amplitudes of an undrained saturated half-space will be larger than those of a drained saturated half-space. Poisson's ratio is also an important factor affecting the surface displacement amplitudes around the canyon, both in drained and undrained conditions, but leads to larger effects for an undrained saturated half-space than for a drained saturated half-space. Large pore pressures are found around the canyon and their amplitudes depend on the incident angles and frequencies. Below the surface, the amplitudes of pore pressures are less than they are at the surface, especially for high frequencies.     

粤北石土岭铀矿床同位素地球化学研究

石土岭铀矿床位于贵东岩体东南部与寒武纪浅变质岩接触带的内带,矿区内NWW向和NNE向基性岩脉十分发育。矿体主要赋存于帽峰岩体中,呈脉状产出,并受近EW向裂隙构造控制。沥青铀矿的U-Pb年龄(135Ma)与帽峰岩体的年龄(220Ma)相差明显,但与NWW向辉绿岩脉的年龄(143Ma)十分接近。矿石中黄铁矿的初始87Sr/86Sr值(0.71315~0.72579)介于成矿期间辉绿岩的值(0.70449~0.70632)与帽峰和下庄岩体演化至成矿时期(135Ma)的值(0.75058~0.99507)之间;黄铁矿的铅同位素组成呈线性分布,为基底变质岩铅与帽峰岩体铅及辉绿岩铅之间不同程度的混合。Sr、Pb同位素组成显示出成矿组分具多来源特征;成矿流体的δ18OH2O=2.0‰~8.1‰,δDH2O=-63‰~-51‰,反映出成矿流体主要由幔源流体组成;方解石的δ13C=-8.3‰,表明矿化剂∑CO2也来自地幔。因此,幔源流体在石土岭铀矿床的形成中具有十分重要的意义。     

Microplane damage model for jointed rock masses

The paper presents a new microplane constitutive model for the inelastic behavior of jointed rock masses that takes into account the mechanical behavior and geometric characteristics of cracks and joints. The basic idea is that the microplane modeling of rock masses under general triaxial loading, including compression, requires the isotropic rock matrix and the joints to be considered as two distinct phases coupled in parallel. A joint continuity factor is defined as a microplane damage variable to represent the stress‐carrying area fraction of the joint phase. Based on the assumption of parallel coupling between the rock joint and the rock matrix, the overall mechanical behavior of the rock is characterized by microplane constitutive laws for the rock matrix and for the rock joints, along with an evolution law for the microplane joint continuity factor. The inelastic response of the rock matrix and the rock joints is controlled on the microplane level by the stress–strain boundaries. Based on the arguments enunciated in developing the new microplane model M7 for concrete, the previously used volumetric–deviatoric splits of the elastic strains and of the tensile boundary are avoided. The boundaries are tensile normal, compressive normal, and shear. The numerical simulations demonstrate satisfactory fits of published triaxial test data on sandstone and on jointed plaster mortar, including quintessential features such as the strain softening and dilatancy under low confining pressure, as well as the brittle–ductile transition under higher confining pressure, and the decrease of jointed rock strength and Young's modulus with an increasing dip angle of the joint. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.