乌兰浩特地震台典型地震事件震相特征分析

选取乌兰浩特地震台记录到的典型天然地震事件及爆破事件,根据断裂带分布及波形记录特征,分析地震及爆破事件的震相特征。结果表明,研究区域近震波形Pn、Pg、Sn、Sg震相及Sm面波较清晰,Pg、Sg波走时差一般不大于23 s,与中国地震台网中心发布的M_S震级间的偏差一般小于0.6级;远震P、S、pP、sP震相可较清晰识别,Pm、L面波记录较明显,P、S波走时差一般不小于25 s,震级偏差一般小于0.4级,且通过震相特征及实地考察发现,爆破多为霍林郭勒区域爆破事件。     

威海市杨家滩水源地地下水资源评价

本文分析了威海市杨家滩不源地第四系冲洪积－海相沉积物分规律和水文地质特征；在此基础上，应用有限单元方法进行了地下水量评价和预测水源地地下水位的变化趋势；提出了最优开采方案。     

一种改进的GPS随机模型建模方法

针对观测序列的异方差和时相关特性相互影响但又难以并行建模的问题,提出了一种迭代、序贯处理异方差和时相关问题的随机模型建模方案。实验结果显示,该方法较好地解决了异方差和时相关特性无法并行建模的难题,极大地消除了多路径及系统残余误差对GPS定位成果的影响,增加了基线数据处理的可靠性。     

贵州省六盘水市钟山区地质灾害危险性模糊评判

贵州省六盘水市钟山区为地质灾害典型区,但以往地质灾害研究方面工作程度相对较低,影响了该区地质灾害的有效防治和社会发展规划的有序进行。本文在钟山区地质灾害规划现状调查的基础上,总结了该区地质灾害形成原因和影响因素,最终选取地形坡度、岩组结构、植被覆盖率、人类工程活动、降雨量、地震共六个主要地质灾害影响因素作为评价因素集,利用灰色关联度法确定各影响因子的权重,运用模糊综合评判方法对钟山区内每个网格单元进行模糊综合评判,根据最大隶属度原则得出每个网格单元的隶属度值作为危险性评价结果,按照地质灾害危险性等级对该区进行危险性定量区划。此区划评价结果可供今后该区地质灾害防治、发展规划参考。     

隧道与临近地面结构动力相互作用规律数值模拟

通过建立不同场地条件下隧道-土-上部结构相互作用的模型,研究有、无上部结构存在、场地条件和地震波频谱特性对隧道-土-上部结构体系地震响应的影响.计算结果表明:(1)对于隧道等地下结构,其地震响应主要受场地条件影响,不同场地条件隧道动内力值相差巨大,设计时应引起足够重视,相比之下有、无邻近上部结构对其影响较小;(2)S波...     

Longshore drift estimation using fluorescent tracers: New insights from an experiment at Comporta Beach, Portugal

A fluorescent sand-tracer experiment was performed at Comporta Beach (Portugal) with the aim of acquiring longshore sediment transport data on a reflective beach, the optimization of field and laboratory tracer procedures and the improvement of the conceptual model used to support tracer data interpretation.

The field experiment was performed on a mesotidal reflective beach face in low energetic conditions (significant wave height between 0.4 and 0.5 m). Two different colour tracers (orange and blue) were injected at low tide and sampled in the two subsequent low tides using a high resolution 3D grid extending 450 m alongshore and 30 m cross-shore. Marked sand was detected using an automatic digital image processing system developed in the scope of the present experiment.

Results for the two colour tracers show a remarkable coherence, with high recovery rates attesting data validity. Sand tracer displayed a high advection velocity, but with distinct vertical distribution patterns in the two tides: in the first tide there was a clear decrease in tracer advection velocity with depth while in the second tide, the tracer exhibited an almost uniform vertical velocity distribution. This differing behaviour suggests that, in the first tide, the tracer had not reached equilibrium within the transport system, pointing to a considerable time lag between injection and complete mixing. This issue has important implications for the interpretation of tracer data, indicating that short term tracer experiments tend to overestimate transport rates. In this work, therefore, longshore estimates were based on tracer results obtained during the second tide.

The estimated total longshore transport rate at Comporta Beach was 2 × 10^− 3 m³/s, more than four times larger than predicted using standard empirical longshore formulas. This discrepancy, which results from the unusually large active moving layer observed during the experiment, confirms the idea that most common longshore transport equations under-estimate total sediment transport in plunging/surging waves.     

基于MODIS数据地表温度反演劈窗算法的比较研究

选取QIN和SOB两种代表性劈窗算法对辽宁地区地表温度进行反演,并分析二者的精度和误差分布。结果表明：QIN和SOB算法反演的地表温度（TS）与地面气象台站准同步观测的气温和地温的线性拟合显著,SOB算法线性拟合更好;从误差分布直方图上看,两种算法的反演结果与地温更接近,SOB算法与同步气温和地温在±2 ℃之间的误差比例略高于QIN算法;在野外开展与卫星遥感空间尺度一致的地表温度观测试验,QIN和SOB算法与实测值的平均绝对误差均为1.5 ℃;与NASA官网发布的地表温度产品对比发现,QIN和SOB算法的平均绝对误差分别为1.75 ℃、1.70 ℃;因此QIN、SOB算法在辽宁地区均适用,SOB算法误差更小。     

基于迭代反演的层间多次波压制方法

层间多次波与有效波在走时、频率和叠加速度上差异较小,因此层间多次波压制常难以获得理想效果.本文提出一种基于迭代反演的层间多次波压制方法（MSI,Multiple Suppression Inversion）,该方法以共聚焦点（CFP,Common Focus Point）层间多次波压制理论为基础,通过构建卷积因子,将层间多次波压制转变为迭代反演的问题,直接利用观测的地震数据进行迭代反演计算,进而完成多次波压制.MSI方法避免了共聚焦点方法中构建CFP道集的聚焦运算,大幅降低层间多次波预测的计算成本;同时该方法为全数据驱动方法,无需地下介质任何先验信息,算法容易实现.模型数据测试表明,本文提出的方法可有效压制层间多次波,而且对有效波也具有很好的保幅性.

     

乳化植物油强化土著微生物修复中高浓度Cr(Ⅵ)污染地下水

以天然细砂为微生物来源,模拟研究了乳化植物油强化原位生物修复中高浓度Cr（Ⅵ）污染地下水的可行性,考察了修复效果及修复过程中地下水质变化及产物的稳定性。结果表明,反应77 d后,Cr（Ⅵ）质量浓度分别从20.0、30.0、50.0、80.0、110.0 mg/L降低到0.0、5.8、19.0、43.6、65.8 mg/L,去除率分别为100.0%、80.7%、61.9%、45.5%、40.2%。反应后介质中Cr形态分析表明,其主要以能在自然条件下稳定存在的铁锰结合态和有机结合态形式存在。此外,随反应进行,实验体系逐渐呈弱酸性环境,pH为5.80~6.70。当Cr被完全还原后,体系会发生异化铁还原,Fe（Ⅱ）质量浓度逐渐升高,最高可达117.0 mg/L,最终形成二价铁矿物。综上所述,天然细砂介质中的土著微生物能够利用乳化植物油强化并还原地下水中的中、高浓度Cr（Ⅵ）,且产物能够在自然状态下稳定存在,修复过程对地下环境的影响较小。     

Assessing landslide movements in volcanic islands using near-shore marine geophysical data: south Pico island,Azores

Marine geophysical data from around the submarine flanks of volcanic islands can potentially help to resolve whether large-scale instability of an edifice has been geologically recently active. We use geophysical data to investigate part of the coast of Pico Island of the Azores where, above sea-level, a major slump of Topo volcano has been interpreted previously from arcuate escarpments and a rugged irregular topography seaward of them. Multibeam echo-sounder data collected offshore of this feature show remarkably little evidence for slump fault movements in the island's submarine slope. Mid-slope benches, like those associated with the Hilina Slump of Kilauea, are absent. The high-resolution data extends onto the island's shelf, allowing us to evaluate evidence for continuing activity there. In particular, as the shelf's rock platform will have been last modified by surf erosion during the postglacial period of sea-level transgression, it provides a reference surface of intermediate age (7–19 ka) that can potentially reveal whether any movements occurred in pre-historic times. Where the arcuate escarpments are continued offshore, the modern seabed shows no bathymetric evidence for active faults where the shelf rock platform crops out in the multibeam data. Elsewhere, mobile shelf sediments could be disguising evidence for active faulting so we examined boomer profiles able to image the rock platform beneath them. The data reveal a platform that is steep (6.6°) compared with the dips of platforms that we have studied previously around the coast of adjacent Faial Island and steeper than the platform outside the proposed slump. This suggests that it was created by coastal erosion over a shorter period and hence is consistent with a younger age of the coastline. As with the multibeam data, where escarpments are continued offshore onto the shelf, the rock surface imaged with these boomer data also shows no clear evidence of major slump-related fault displacements. This study therefore illustrates how high-resolution boomer seismic and multibeam data could usefully contribute to hazard assessment of volcanic islands, by helping to evaluate areas with no historical movements. Explanations to reconcile the onshore and offshore data here are also put forward.