Zonal flows,Rossby waves,and vortex transport in laboratory experiments with rotating annular channel

Results of experiments are considered for flows generated by different sources-sinks of mass in the rotating annular channel with beta-effect simulation using the inclined bottom. Diagrams of regimes are presented in parameters of the dimensionless angular velocity of the zonal flow averaged over the channel width and the dimensionless angular velocity of transport of vortex perturbations of cyclonic and anticyclonic types. In experiments and the simplest linear theories, most attention is paid to diagram regions with a slow motion of vortices relative to the rotating coordinate system near the parameters for stationary Rossby waves.     

Hydrothermal manganese mineralization in the Peterbourgskoye ore field (North Atlantic)

The manganese crust covered by pelagic sediment was recovered from the 3 km depth from the Peterbourgskoye ore field located on the eastern flank of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. The crust comprises a platy brittle aggregate 1–5 cm thick made of black heterogeneous and partly porous material. The inner structure consists of aggregated parallel microplaits several micrometers to 0.2 mm thick consisting of well-crystallized bisnessite with a minor admixture of colloform vernadite. The chemical composition of the crust is dominated by manganese (more than 60% MnO) with minor iron (1.7% Fe₂O₃) and somewhat notable sodium and sulfur. The trace element composition is characterized by very high molybdenum, moderate gallium and uranium, and very low values of 40 other trace elements. Compared to previous publications, the composition of this crust is fairly different from the average values previously defined for hydrothermal crusts. On the other hand, it is rather close to some crusts recovered from subsea volcanoes in the Sea of Japan.     

Accuracy estimates for some global analytical models of the Earth’s main magnetic field on the basis of data on gradient magnetic surveys at stratospheric balloons

Two global analytical models of the main magnetic field of the Earth (MFE) have been used to determine their potential in deriving an anomalous MFE from balloon magnetic surveys conducted at altitudes of ～30 km. The daily mean spherical harmonic model (DMSHM) constructed from satellite data on the day of balloon magnetic surveys was analyzed. This model for the day of magnetic surveys was shown to be almost free of errors associated with secular variations and can be recommended for deriving an anomalous MFE. The error of the enhanced magnetic model (EMM) was estimated depending on the number of harmonics used in the model. The model limited by the first 13 harmonics was shown to be able to lead to errors in the main MFE of around 15 nT. The EMM developed to n = m = 720 and constructed on the basis of satellite and ground-based magnetic data fails to adequately simulate the anomalous MFE at altitudes of 30 km. To construct a representative model developed to m = n = 720, ground-based magnetic data should be replaced by data of balloon magnetic surveys for altitudes of ～30 km. The results of investigations were confirmed by a balloon experiment conducted by Pushkov Institute of Terrestrial Magnetism, Ionosphere, and Radio Wave Propagation of the Russian Academy of Sciences and the Moscow Aviation Institute.     

大型现场室内两用直剪仪研制（Ⅱ）：试验测试

利用新近研制的大型现场室内两用直剪仪，对两种不同性质的砂样进行了剪切试验。在对干砂的直接剪切试验特性进行综述的基础上，从多方面对该大型直剪仪得出的干砂剪切试验数据进行了分析验证，结果表明该大型直剪仪得出的试验数据一致性好、可靠性较高，说明该大型直剪仪的基本剪切性能稳定，可进一步应用于相关岩土材料的试验研究。     

Alpine olivine- and titanian clinohumite-bearing assemblages in the Erro-Tobbio peridotite (Voltri Massif, NW Italy)

The microstructures in the Erro-Tobbio peridotite indicate several stages of recrystallization of olivine + titanian clinohumite-bearing assemblages. The development of these assemblages is closely associated with serpentinite mylonites, in which they occur in shear bands and foliations and are inferred to have grown synkinematically, in veins, and as post-kinematic radial aggregates. In the peridotite wall-rock adjacent to these mylonites, the same assemblages have recrystallized statically at the expense of original olivine and pyroxenes, mesh-textured chrysolite and antigorite veins. In addition, the olivine-bearing assemblage occurs in widespread vein systems. The brittle deformation of the peridotite resulting in the development of these vein systems is closely related to ductile deformation of metagabbroic dykes in the peridotite. Although early metasomatism resulted in extensive rodingitization of the gabbros, some dykes show an eclogitic assemblage of Na-clinopyroxene + garnet + chloritoid + chlorite ± talc. These observations, the microstructures and the mineral chemistry all suggest that the assemblages in the ultramafic rocks and metagabbros developed during a prograde evolution towards high pressures (>13–16 kbar, 450–550° C), and during subsequent decompression. This metamorphic evolution is considered to be related to Late Cretaceous intraoceanic subduction in the Alps-Apennine system and closure of the Piedmont-Ligurian basin.     

Paleoproterozoic quartz-pebble conglomerate type uranium mineralisation in Mankarhachua area,Angul district,Orissa

Ground Radiometric survey of Paleoproterozoic pyritiferous quartz-pebble conglomerate (QPC) occurring to the north of Pallahara area led to the discovery of a QPC type uranium mineralisation near Mankarhachua village. Significant radioactivity is recorded in three sub-parallel uraniferous QPC horizons with metamorphosed pebbly to medium grained recrystallised massive sandstones. Detrital grains of uranothorite, thorite, radioactive allanite, monazite, zircon, minute uraninite grains in carbonaceous matter and thucolite contributes to the radioactive phases present in QPC matrix. Adsorbed U on limonite and goethite, secondary uranyl minerals in matrix, along bedding planes and fractures are commonly observed. This discovery has opened up a new horizon for future exploration for QPC type uranium mineralization in the area. The paper presents observations on geology, radioactivity, petrological and geochemical nature of the uraniferous QPC horizons.     

Geochemistry and evolution of the fanos granite,N. Greece

Summary The Fanos granite, a Jurassic pluton composed of high silica fine- to coarse-grained leucogranites, is associated with and intrudes the Mesozoic Guevgueli ophiolitic complex. Discriminant diagrams indicate a collision related plate tectonic environment for the rocks studied. They are peraluminous with calc-alkaline affinities. Major and trace element behaviour suggest a fractional crystallization process for the evolution of the Fanos granite. Petrographic calculations, based on major elements, require 32% crystal accumulation mainly of plagioclase, K-feldspar and biotite for a direct model, while for a two-step model 21% and 14% crystal cumulate is required for the first and the second step respectively.

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Geochemie und Entwicklungsgeschichte des Fanos-Granites, N-Griechenland

Zusammenfassung Der jurassische Fanos-Granit ist ein fein- bis grobkörniger Leukogranit mit hohem Silikatanteil. Er ist mit dem mesozoischen Ophiolithkomplex von Guevgueli, mit dem er in instrusivem Kontakt steht, verknüpft.Diskriminierungsdiagramme weisen darauf hin, dab die untersuchten Gesteine im Zuge kollisions-tektonischer Prozesse gebildet wurden. Die untersuchten peraluminösen Gesteine folgen einem kalkalkalischen Trend. Die Haupt- und Spurenelementverteilungen belegen eine fraktionierte Kristallisation des Fanos-Granites. Einfache Mischungsmodell-Berechnungen, die mittels der Hauptelemente erstellt wurden, ergeben eine 32 %ige Kristallakkumulation von vorwiegend Plagioklas, Kalifeldspat und Biotit. Eine Zweistufenmodell-Berechnung ergab eine 21- beziehungsweise 14 %ige Kristallakkumulation für die erste und zweite Stufe.

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With 6 Figures     

High-resolution numerical modelling of convective precipitation over Northern Italy

Summary A number of forecast experiments were performed in order to assess the capability of reproducing, by means of a limited-area numerical model, the highly structured mesoscale circulations occurring in the Po Valley of Northern Italy during a north-westerly cold front passage across the Alpine chain, with particular attention to the modelling of the effects of organized convection. The case-study occurred during summer 1987 and the model used throughout was the 1989 version of the UB/NMC Limited Area Model (University of Belgrade, National Meteorological Centre of Washington). The model was integrated both with eta, , and sigma, , as vertical coordinates and ECMWF initialized analyses were always used as initial conditions. ECMWF initialized analysis or operational forecast fields were also used for updating in time the lateral boundary conditions. Experiments show qualitative and quantitative agreement with observations, both in upper-air geopotential height fields, in MSLP and in cumulated precipitation. Several modelling issues were also investigated, e.g. sensitivity of the results to horizontal and vertical model resolution and to the influence of the lateral boundaries poitioning, finding large effects of the latter on quantitative precipitation fields. Difficulties in modelling very localized mesoscale phenomena, e.g. organized convective thunderstorms in the Po Valley and Alpine North Foehn in the Milan area, were generally encounted.