苏联经济区方案定量研究的经验

通常,经济区划的任务包括以下几个主要阶段:1) 确定作为基础区的地域;2)按照基础区选择区划指标系统及其定量评价;3) 选择区域系统模式;4) 阐明课题建立算法,直接把基础区进行分类计算;5)解释已获得的结果,选出最好的区划方案和有关进一步改善工作方法的结论等等。基础区的范围视所要解决的任务性质而定。     

岩浆期后成矿的能量原理

矽卡岩、云英岩、钠长岩和热液类型的矿床是岩浆期后金属矿床的典型代表。到目前为止,相当肯定地确定了这些矿床和其它内生金属矿床成矿物质的来源以及形成这些矿床的矿化热液的来源。成矿物质来源分为:1)壳下玄武岩类的或岩浆的;2)地壳花岗岩类的或同化的;3)渗入的。成矿热水系分力:1)岩浆水;2)交质水; 3)沉积岩的埋藏水;     

热电离质谱法测定贵州郑家洞石笋的铀系年代及其古气候意义

本文报道了用高精度热电离质谱（ＴＩＭＳ）法测定的贵州郑家洞ＡＺＪ－２号石笋的铀系年代。该石笋经历了三个速度不同的生长阶段，顶部９０ｃｍ及底部２１ｃｍ生长迅速，ＴＩＭＳ铀系法高分辨率年代结果仍不足以给出其确切的生长速率。精确建立碳氧同位素演化时间坐标的困难，应是从新生碳酸盐提取古气候演变信息的重要制约因素之一。ＡＺＪ－２的生长起止年代为距今１４．７￣１３．８万年，贵州在此期间可能处于温暖湿润的气候条     

缺氧环境中的成矿作用及构造,岩性和时间对成矿作用的控制

缺氧环境中，金属从海水、古卤水或热水溶液中被吸附和沉淀而发生积聚。在后来的变质和岩浆作用过程中，金属重新活化，形成矿床。这种矿化类型主要受缺氧环境的构造背景类型控制。被动边缘的碳质沈积岩只含有铀、钒和钼的次经济富集；含铜黑色页岩和海底喷流型矿化则限于大陆裂谷和拉拗槽环境或活动边缘的弧后盆地；变质矿术主要与碰掸边缘有关，但也出现于其它的构造环境类型。含铜黑色页岩的形成，受地球演化过程中超大陆裂开时低     

Campanian Climatic Change: Isotopic Evidence from Far East, North America, North Atlantic and Western Europe

Paleoclimatic settings have been reconstructed for the Campanian using original oxygen-isotopic analyses of well-preserved molluskan and foraminifera shells from Russian Far East, Hokkaido, USA, Belgium and some DSDP holes (95, 98, 102, 390A, and 392A) in North Atlantic. Early Early Campanian climatic optimum has been recognized from data on high bottom shelf water paleotemperatures in middle latitudes of both the western circum-Pacific (to 24.2°C) and the eastern circum-Pacific (to 26.4°C) areas and high bottom shallow water paleotemperatures in high latitudes of the Koryak Upland (22.4–25.5°C), which agrees with the data on the Campanian Barykovskaya flora in high latitudes (Golovneva and Herman, 1998) and Jonker flora and its equivalents in middle latitudes. Judging from the data on comparatively high bottom shallow water paleotemperature values in high latitudes, South Alaska (19.4°C) and the Koryak Upland (22.4–25.5°C), we also expect Latest Campanian temperature maximum, which has not been confirmed, however, for low and middle latitudes by neither of isotopic nor paleobotanic data now. Main climatic tendency during the Campanian (with the exception of Latest Campanian) has been learned from isotopic composition of Campanian aragonitic ammonoid shells from the Hokkaido-South Sakhalin (Krilyon) marine basin. In contrary to Huber’s et al. (2002) assumption, we expect warm greenhouse conditions during the most part of the Campanian.     

普通大地构造学基本问题

大地构造学研究地壳的运动和变形,及被这些运动和变形所决定的岩层的产状。大地构造学确定地壳的运动历史,并阐明地壳运动发展过程中所遵循的规律,因此,它能够给予地壳构造演化的清晰概念,因为这种构造是由地壳的深部力量所控制的。大     

Response of single benthic metrics and multi-metric methods to anthropogenic pressure gradients, in five distinct European coastal and transitional ecosystems

In recent times many benthic indices have been proposed to assess the ecological quality of marine waters worldwide. In this study we compared single metrics and multi-metric methods to assess coastal and transitional benthic status along human pressure gradients in five distinct environments across Europe: Varna bay and lake (Bulgaria), Lesina lagoon (Italy), Mondego estuary (Portugal), Basque coast (Spain) and Oslofjord (Norway). Hence, 13 single metrics (abundance, number of taxa, and several diversity and sensitivity indices) and eight of the most common indices used within the European Water Framework Directive (WFD) for benthic assessment were selected: index of size spectra (ISS), Benthic assessment tool (BAT), Norwegian quality index (NQI), Multivariate AMBI (M-AMBI), Benthic quality index (BQI), (Benthic ecosystem quality index (BEQI), Benthic index based on taxonomic sufficiency (BITS), and infaunal quality index (IQI). Within each system, sampling sites were ordered in an increasing pressure gradient according to a preliminary classification based on professional judgement. The different indices are largely consistent in their response to pressure gradient, except in some particular cases (i.e. BITS, in all cases, or ISS when a low number of individuals is present). Inconsistencies between indicator responses were most pronounced in transitional waters (i.e. IQI, BEQI), highlighting the difficulties of the generic application of indicators to all marine, estuarine and lagoonal environments. However, some of the single (i.e. ecological groups approach, diversity, richness) and multi-metric methods (i.e. BAT, M-AMBI, NQI) were able to detect such gradients both in transitional and coastal environments, being these multi-metric methods more consistent in the detection than single indices. This study highlights the importance of survey design and good reference conditions for some indicators. The agreement observed between different methodologies and their ability to detect quality trends across distinct environments constitutes a promising result for the implementation of the WFD’s monitoring plans. Moreover, these results have management implications, regarding the dangers of misclassification, uncertainty in the assessment, use of conflicting indices, and testing and validation of indices.     

Differential sensitivity of flounder (Platichthys flesus) in response to oestrogenic chemical exposure: an issue for design and interpretation of monitoring and research programmes

This study was conducted as an initial investigation of 'differential response' in one of the main sentinel organisms used for monitoring programmes in United Kingdom estuaries, the flounder Platichthys flesus. It has been hypothesised that monitoring using species with a wide geographical spread and limited migration, such as flounder, might result in the comparison of different genetic stocks and certainly of populations with differing early life stage contaminant exposure histories. Furthermore, it is probable that these pre-exposure and genetic differences could manifest themselves in an ability to respond differently to contaminant exposure, so-called 'differential response'. It is important that the extent and nature of this response is understood, if we want to be able to fully interpret the monitoring data from such programmes. During this study, flounder were collected from four separate sources; wild caught fish from the estuaries of the Rivers Alde, Mersey and Tyne, and farmed flounder from Port Erin Farm, Isle of Man. Under controlled laboratory conditions, groups of fish from each source were exposed to water-borne concentrations of the synthetic oestrogen ethynylestradiol (EE2) at a nominal concentration of 50 ng/l. Plasma was taken from each male fish after 6 and 10 days exposure and analysed for the presence of vitellogenin (VTG) using an ELISA technique. Significant levels of VTG induction were evident in fish from all sources after both 6 and 10 days exposure. Flounder from the Mersey were the only fish with significantly elevated initial background levels of VTG (day 0) and this appeared to be reflected in that these specimens showed the highest induction response after day 6. However, after day 10, fish from all other sites had a slightly higher mean VTG than those from the Mersey which showed significantly (p < 0.05) lower mean plasma VTG. It is suggested that other differential responses may have been masked by the use of a high dose of EE2 which produced maximum induction in nearly all fish. The findings of the study are discussed in terms of implications for further research into the differential response issue and how the initial plasma VTG figures contribute to a time-series from the Mersey, Tyne and Alde estuaries.     

苏门答腊岛岸边的地震

2004年12月26日星期日格林威治时间零点58分53秒(当地时间7点58分53秒),在东南亚发生了灾难性的地震。震中位于印度尼西亚苏门答腊岛北端以西250km的印度洋中。看来震源位于地壳内,其深度将近30km。震级为9级。按照现代的概念,地震是地下深处岩石完整性发生断裂(巨大裂缝),或岩     

对海洋"传送带"的新观点

地球上极大的动力现象之一,即所谓全球性的“传送带”,是北大西洋深部水的移动,对两个半球的气候产生影响,在间冰期这个过程特别显著,而在当前的冰期,它的规模实质性地减弱了。海洋学家和气象学家的这种观点被广泛接受,即世界海洋环流的明显变动主要体现在研究深海有孔虫组织中