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151.
Nguyen Tai Tue Hideki Hamaoka Atsushi Sogabe Tran Dang Quy Mai Trong Nhuan Koji Omori 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2011,64(5):1475-1486
In this study, two sediment cores (~70 cm) were collected from separate mangrove forests straddling the Ba Lat Estuary, Red
River of northern Vietnam, to examine the origins of sedimentary organic carbon (SOC) and reconstruct the paleoenvironment.
In addition, mangrove leaves and particulate organic matter were collected and measured for δ13C to trace the origins of SOC. The cores were analyzed by high-resolution sections for δ13C, TOC, C/N ratios, sediment grain size, water content, and porosity, with values of δ13C, TOC, and C/N ratios ranging from −28.19 to −22.5‰, 2.14–30.94 mg/g, and 10.29–18.32, respectively. The δ13C and TOC relationship indicated that there were some small residual effects of diagenetic processes on TOC and δ13C values in mangrove sediments. However, the shifts of δ13C and C/N ratios from the bottom to the surface sediment of the cores explained the change in organic matter sources, with
values of C/N > 12 and δ13C < −25‰, and C/N < 12 and δ13C > −25‰ indicated terrestrial (e.g., mangrove litter) and marine phytoplankton sources, respectively. The covarying δ13C, C/N ratios, and sediment grain sizes during the past 100 years in sediment cores showed that the paleoenvironment may be
reconstructed into three environments (subtidal, tidal flat, and intertidal mangrove). General trends in δ13C and C/N followed a gradual increase in the C/N ratio and a concomitant decrease in δ13C from the subtidal, through to tidal flat, and to the intertidal mangrove. δ13C and C/N ratios are therefore effective in measuring the continuum of environmental change in mangrove ecosystem. 相似文献
152.
Syntaxial quartz veins were synthesized by hydrothermal flow-through experiments using rock blocks (metachert, sandstone, and granite) containing slits. Based on analyses of vein textures using birefringence imaging microscopy, we identified two stages of crystal growth. During stage 1, quartz grain growth occurs without an increase in grain width. During stage 2, quartz grains develop facets and grow preferentially parallel to the c-axis orientation, and the aspect ratio of quartz grains shifts toward ~2.9. Competitive growth occurs significantly at stage 2, and the transition from stage 1–2 occurs at a critical distance from the vein wall, being approximately equal to the host-rock grain size. Crystal growth in the slits produce various textures controlled by the ratio of slit aperture (H) to host-rock grain size (d). In high H/d cracks, elongate–blocky texture develops by grain impingement during stage 2, whereas in low H/d cracks, crystals that bridge the crack form without competitive growth by grain impingement at stage 1. Heterogeneous structures of fracture porosity are produced during syntaxial vein formation, due to the anisotropy in the growth rate of quartz. Such “incompletely sealed” cracks may act as important fluid pathways and as weak planes in the upper crust. 相似文献
153.
Atsushi Kyono 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》2013,40(9):717-731
The structural diversity of arsenic sulfide molecules in compositions between As4S6 and As4 was investigated using ab initio quantum chemical calculations. The As4S6 molecule consists of four trigonal pyramid coordinations of As atoms bonding to three S atoms. In the As4S5 composition, only one type of molecular configuration corresponds to an uzonite-type molecule. In the As4S4 composition, two molecular configurations exist with realgar-type and pararealgar-type molecules. Three molecular configurations are in the As4S3 composition. The first configuration comprises trigonal pyramidal As atom coordinations of two types: bonding to two S atoms and one As atom, and bonding to one S atom and two As atoms. The second is the molecular configuration of dimorphite. The third comprises trigonal pyramidal As atom coordinations of two types: bonding to three As atoms, and bonding to one As atom and two S atoms. The As4S2 composition allows molecular configurations of two types. One is comprised of trigonal pyramidal As atom configurations of one type bonding to two As atoms and one S atom. The other comprises trigonal pyramidal As atom coordinations of three types: bonding to two S atoms and one As atoms, bonding to one S atom and two As atoms, and bonding to three As atoms. The As4S molecule has trigonal pyramidal As atom coordinations of two types: bonding to one S atom and two As atoms, and bonding to three As atoms. The As4S composition permits only one molecular configuration, which suggests that the mineral duranusite comprises the As4S molecular geometry. In all, ten molecular configurations are predicted in the molecular hierarchy of the arsenic sulfide binary system. The simulated Raman spectral profiles are helpful in searching for undiscovered arsenic sulfide minerals. 相似文献
154.
The nuclear energy response for mitigating global climate change across 18 participating models of the EMF27 study is investigated. Diverse perspectives on the future role of nuclear power in the global energy system are evident in the broad range of nuclear power contributions from participating models of the study. In the Baseline scenario without climate policy, nuclear electricity generation and shares span 0–66 EJ/year and 0–25 % in 2100 for all models, with a median nuclear electricity generation of 39 EJ/year (1,389 GWe at 90 % capacity factor) and median share of 9 %. The role of nuclear energy increased under the climate policy scenarios. The median of nuclear energy use across all models doubled in the 450 ppm CO2e scenario with a nuclear electricity generation of 67 EJ/year (2,352 GWe at 90 % capacity factor) and share of 17 % in 2100. The broad range of nuclear electricity generation (11–214 EJ/year) and shares (2–38 %) in 2100 of the 450 ppm CO2e scenario reflect differences in the technology choice behavior, technology assumptions and competitiveness of low carbon technologies. Greater clarification of nuclear fuel cycle issues and risk factors associated with nuclear energy use are necessary for understanding the nuclear deployment constraints imposed in models and for improving the assessment of the nuclear energy potential in addressing climate change. 相似文献
155.
156.
Chih-hao Hsieh Atsushi Yamauchi Takefumi Nakazawa Wei-Fen Wang 《Aquatic Sciences - Research Across Boundaries》2010,72(2):165-178
Overfishing has caused dramatic changes in structures of exploited populations as well as ecosystems. In this article, we
focus on fishing effects on age (size) and spatial structures of exploited fishes. Accumulating evidence has shown that large
and experienced spawning individuals are able to produce higher quality and quantity of eggs, known as maternal effects, and
that individuals of different age classes tend to spawn in different locations and times. These behaviors are associated with
a healthy age structure and contribute to bet-hedging capacity that is important in smoothing out short-term environmental
variability. Here, we document a widespread phenomenon of age (size)-truncation of exploited populations driven by size-selective
fishery removals. Such size-selective fishing may have evolutionary consequence and may be difficult to reverse. In addition,
fishing often reduces population spatial heterogeneity that also contributes importantly to bet-hedging. We review studies
showing that the effects of age truncation and reduction of spatial heterogeneity have reduced resilience and elevated the
fluctuation amplitude of exploited populations facing a changing environment. Recent analyses indicated that fish populations
often exhibit nonlinear nature and have potential to shift dramatically in a short time. All the evidence suggests that fishing,
by altering age or spatial structures, may make exploited fishes, more prone to catastrophic shifts. Therefore, to achieve
sustainable fisheries, management should conserve the age and spatial structure in addition to viable spawning biomass. 相似文献
157.
158.
Atsushi Kaneda Kouta Ayukawa Naoki Hirose Jun Tsuzuki Yutaka Kumaki Tomoharu Senjyu Yosuke Igeta Tatsuro Watanabe 《Journal of Oceanography》2017,73(2):181-192
A sudden strong coastal current called a “kyucho” occurred in August 2013 in the eastern coastal waters of Wakasa Bay, Japan. This study examined its characteristics based on both observational data collected by intensive field investigations and the simulation results of a numerical model. The field investigations comprised moored buoy observations near the coast and voyages by a research vessels and fishing boats. The mooring observations indicated that a current speed exceeding 50 cm s?1 occurred abruptly near the eastern coast of the bay, in association with a synchronous change in the current direction. Data collected by acoustic Doppler current profilers (ACDPs) mounted on the vessels showed that a clockwise eddy existed in the bay and that the current on the east side of the eddy generated the kyucho near the coast. Based on the results of the numerical model and the analysis of the ADCP data, it was considered that the clockwise eddy was generated by a strong current at the tip of the Tango Peninsula, in the western part of the bay. As the eddy propagated from west to east across the bay, it induced the kyucho in the coastal waters in the east of the bay. 相似文献
159.
Effects of acidified seawater on calcification,photosynthetic efficiencies and the recovery processes from strong light exposure in the coral Stylophora pistillata 下载免费PDF全文
Takashi Nakamura Akira Iguchi Atsushi Suzuki Kazuhiko Sakai Yukihiro Nojiri 《Marine Ecology》2017,38(3)
The aim of this study was to investigate whether coral photosynthetic efficiencies and recovery processes are affected by CO2‐driven ocean acidification in symbiont photosynthesis and coral calcification. We investigated the effects of five CO2 partial pressure (pCO2) levels in adjusted seawater ranging from 300 μatm (pre‐industrial) to 800 μatm (near‐future) and strong and weak light intensity on maximum photosynthetic efficiency and calcification of a branching coral, Stylophora pistillata, as this species has often been used in rearing experiments to investigate the effects of acidified seawater on calcification and photosynthetic algae of corals. We found that, the photosynthetic efficiencies and recovery patterns under different light conditions did not differ among pCO2 treatments. Furthermore, calcification of S. pistillata was not affected by acidified seawater under weak or strong light conditions. Our results indicate that the photosynthetic efficiency and calcification of S. pistillata are insensitive to changes in ocean acidity. 相似文献
160.
Horizontal distribution of calanoid copepods in the western Arctic Ocean during the summer of 2008 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
The horizontal distribution of the epipelagic zooplankton communities in the western Arctic Ocean was studied during August–October 2008. Zooplankton abundance and biomass were higher in the Chukchi Sea, and ranged from 3,000 to 274,000 ind. m?2 and 5–678 g WM m?2, respectively. Copepods were the most dominant taxa and comprised 37?94% of zooplankton abundance. For calanoid copepods, 30 species belonging to 20 genera were identified. Based on the copepod abundance, their communities were classified into three groups using a cluster analysis. The horizontal distribution of each group was well synchronized with depth zones, defined here as Shelf, Slope and Basin. Neritic Pacific copepods were the dominant species in the Shelf zone. Arctic copepods were substantially greater in the Slope zone than the other regions. Mesopelagic copepods were greater in the Basin zone than the other regions. Stage compositions of large-sized Arctic copepods (Calanus glacialis and Metridia longa) were characterized by the dominance of late copepodid stages in the Basin. Both the abundance and stage compositions of large copepods corresponded well with Chl. a concentrations in each region, with high Chl. a in the Shelf and Slope supporting reproduction of copepods resulting in high abundance dominated by early copepodid stages. 相似文献