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Taro Takahashi Stewart C. Sutherland Rik Wanninkhof Colm Sweeney Richard A. Feely David W. Chipman Burke Hales Gernot Friederich Francisco Chavez Christopher Sabine Andrew Watson Dorothee C.E. Bakker Ute Schuster Nicolas Metzl Hisayuki Yoshikawa-Inoue Masao Ishii Takashi Midorikawa Yukihiro Nojiri Arne Krtzinger Tobias Steinhoff Mario Hoppema Jon Olafsson Thorarinn S. Arnarson Bronte Tilbrook Truls Johannessen Are Olsen Richard Bellerby C.S. Wong Bruno Delille N.R. Bates Hein J.W. de Baar 《Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers》2009,56(11):2075-2076
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Reduced oxygen concentrations in herring wintering areas 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
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Volker Rachold Mikhail N. Grigoriev Felix E. Are Steve Solomon Erk Reimnitz Heidemarie Kassens Martin Antonow 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》2000,89(3):450-460
This article presents a comparison of sediment input by rivers and by coastal erosion into both the Laptev Sea and the Canadian Beaufort Sea (CBS). New data on coastal erosion in the Laptev Sea, which are based on field measurements and remote sensing information, and existing data on coastal erosion in the CBS as well as riverine sediment discharge into both the Laptev Sea and the CBS are included. Strong regional differences in the percentages of coastal erosion and riverine sediment supply are observed. The CBS is dominated by the riverine sediment discharge (64.45᎒6 t a-1) mainly of the Mackenzie River, which is the largest single source of sediments in the Arctic. Riverine sediment discharge into the Laptev Sea amounts to 24.10᎒6 t a-1, more than 70% of which are related to the Lena River. In comparison with the CBS, the Laptev Sea coast on average delivers approximately twice as much sediment mass per kilometer, a result of higher erosion rates due to higher cliffs and seasonal ice melting. In the Laptev Sea sediment input by coastal erosion (58.4᎒6 t a-1) is therefore more important than in the CBS and the ratio between riverine and coastal sediment input amounts to 0.4. Coastal erosion supplying 5.6᎒6 t a-1 is less significant for the sediment budget of the CBS where riverine sediment discharge exceeds coastal sediment input by a factor of ca. 10. 相似文献
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Bernard Charlier Øyvind Skår Are Korneliussen Jean-Clair Duchesne Jacqueline Vander Auwera 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》2007,154(2):119-134
Major and trace element XRF and in situ LA-ICP-MS analyses of ilmenite in the Tellnes ilmenite deposit, Rogaland Anorthosite
Province, SW Norway, constrains a two stage fractional crystallization model of a ferrodioritic Fe-Ti-P rich melt. Stage 1
is characterized by ilmenite-plagioclase cumulates, partly stored in the lower part of the ore body (Lower Central Zone, LCZ),
and stage 2 by ilmenite-plagioclase-orthopyroxene-olivine cumulates (Upper Central Zone, UCZ). The concentration of V and
Cr in ilmenite, corrected for the trapped liquid effect, (1) defines the cotectic proportion of ilmenite to be 17.5 wt% during
stage 1, and (2) implies an increase of D
VIlm during stage 2, most likely related to a shift in fO2. The proportion of 17.5 wt% is lower than the modal proportion of ilmenite (ca. 50 wt%) in the ore body, implying accumulation
of ilmenite and flotation of plagioclase. The fraction of residual liquid left after crystallization of Tellnes cumulates
is estimated at 0.6 and the flotation of plagioclase at 26 wt% of the initial melt mass. The increasing content of intercumulus
magnetite with stratigraphic height, from 0 to ca. 3 wt%, results from differentiation of the trapped liquid towards magnetite
saturation. The MgO content of ilmenite (1.4–4.4 wt%) is much lower than the expected cumulus composition. It shows extensive
postcumulus re-equilibration with trapped liquid and ferromagnesian silicates, correlated with distance to the host anorthosite.
The Zr content of ilmenite, provided by in situ analyses, is low (<114 ppm) and uncorrelated with stratigraphy or Cr content.
The data demonstrate that zircon coronas observed around ilmenite formed by subsolidus exsolution of ZrO2 from ilmenite. The U-Pb zircon age of 920 ± 3 Ma probably records this exsolution process.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
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A cross-ecosystem comparison of spatial and temporal patterns of covariation in the recruitment of functionally analogous fish stocks 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:1
Bernard A. Megrey Jonathan A. Hare William T. Stockhausen Are Dommasnes Harald Gjster William Overholtz Sarah Gaichas Georg Skaret Jannike Falk-Petersen Jason S. Link Kevin D. Friedland 《Progress in Oceanography》2009,81(1-4):63
Temporal and spatial patterns of recruitment (R) and spawning stock biomass (S) variability were compared among functionally analogous species and similar feeding guilds from six marine ecosystems. Data were aggregated into four regions including the Gulf of Maine/Georges Bank, the Norwegian/Barents Seas, the eastern Bering Sea, and the Gulf of Alaska. Variability was characterized by calculating coefficients of variation and anomalies for three response variables: ln(R), ln(R/S), and stock–recruit model residuals. Patterns of synchrony and asynchrony in the response variables were examined among and between ecosystems, between- and within-ocean basins and among functionally analogous species groups using pair-wise correlation analysis corrected for within-time series autocorrelation, multivariate cross-correlation analyses and regime shift detectors. Time series trends in response variables showed consistent within basin similarities and consistent and coherent differences between the Atlantic and Pacific basin ecosystems. Regime shift detection algorithms identified two broad-scale regime shift time periods for the pelagic feeding guild (1972–1976 and 1999–2002) and possibly one for the benthic feeding guild (1999–2002). No spatial patterns in response variable coefficients of variation were observed. Results from multivariate cross-correlation analysis showed similar trends. The data suggest common external factors act in synchrony on stocks within ocean basins but temporal stock patterns, often of the same species or functional group, between basins change in opposition to each other. Basin-scale results (similar within but different between) suggest that the two geographically broad areas are connected by unknown mechanisms that, depending on the year, may influence the two basins in opposite ways. This work demonstrates that commonalities and synchronies in recruitment fluctuations can be found across geographically distant ecosystems but biophysical causes of the fluctuations remain difficult to identify. 相似文献
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Jason S. Link William T. Stockhausen Georg Skaret William Overholtz Bernard A. Megrey Harald Gjster Sarah Gaichas Are Dommasnes Jannike Falk-Petersen Joseph Kane Franz J. Mueter Kevin D. Friedland Jonathan A. Hare 《Progress in Oceanography》2009,81(1-4):29
Major features of four marine ecosystems were analyzed based on a broad range of fisheries-associated datasets and a suite of oceanographic surveys. The ecosystems analyzed included the Gulf of Maine/Georges Bank in the Northwest Atlantic Ocean, the Norwegian/Barents Seas in the Northeast Atlantic Ocean, and the eastern Bering Sea and the Gulf of Alaska in the Northeast Pacific Ocean. We examined survey trends in major fish abundances, total system fish biomass, and zooplankton biomasses. We standardized each time series and examined trends and anomalies over time, using both time series and cross-correlational statistical methods. We compared dynamics of functionally analogous species from each of these four ecosystems. Major commonalities among ecosystems included a relatively stable amount of total fish biomass and the importance of large calanoid copepods, small pelagic fishes and gadids. Some of the changes in these components were synchronous across ecosystems. Major differences between ecosystems included gradients in the magnitude of total fish biomass, commercial fish biomass, and the timing of major detected events. This work demonstrates the value of comparative analysis across a wide range of marine ecosystems, suggestive of very few but none-the-less detectable common features across all northern hemisphere ocean systems. 相似文献
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A model with short computational time has previously been developed to predict the rate-dependent gas/oil ratio (GOR) from
a horizontal well. The oil flow towards the wellbore is based on a one-dimensional model by Konieczek. The model performs
remarkably well for medium-time production optimization (weeks, months), while the predictions during the first days after
a large change in the production can be poor. An improved one-dimensional model for the flow towards the wellbore is proposed,
where the oil flow is treated as a superposition of three terms:
1) | Radial flow towards the wellbore and towards a mirror well. 相似文献 |