全文获取类型
收费全文 | 2229篇 |
免费 | 81篇 |
国内免费 | 14篇 |
专业分类
测绘学 | 74篇 |
大气科学 | 168篇 |
地球物理 | 606篇 |
地质学 | 831篇 |
海洋学 | 213篇 |
天文学 | 285篇 |
综合类 | 13篇 |
自然地理 | 134篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 15篇 |
2022年 | 18篇 |
2021年 | 35篇 |
2020年 | 46篇 |
2019年 | 47篇 |
2018年 | 95篇 |
2017年 | 88篇 |
2016年 | 131篇 |
2015年 | 80篇 |
2014年 | 117篇 |
2013年 | 165篇 |
2012年 | 117篇 |
2011年 | 159篇 |
2010年 | 121篇 |
2009年 | 149篇 |
2008年 | 91篇 |
2007年 | 103篇 |
2006年 | 80篇 |
2005年 | 88篇 |
2004年 | 69篇 |
2003年 | 58篇 |
2002年 | 55篇 |
2001年 | 34篇 |
2000年 | 35篇 |
1999年 | 26篇 |
1998年 | 27篇 |
1997年 | 29篇 |
1996年 | 12篇 |
1995年 | 16篇 |
1994年 | 20篇 |
1993年 | 16篇 |
1992年 | 12篇 |
1991年 | 6篇 |
1990年 | 17篇 |
1989年 | 15篇 |
1988年 | 7篇 |
1987年 | 7篇 |
1986年 | 8篇 |
1985年 | 10篇 |
1984年 | 9篇 |
1983年 | 9篇 |
1982年 | 6篇 |
1981年 | 6篇 |
1980年 | 5篇 |
1979年 | 7篇 |
1975年 | 7篇 |
1956年 | 4篇 |
1955年 | 3篇 |
1953年 | 3篇 |
1950年 | 3篇 |
排序方式: 共有2324条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
101.
Résumé La formule de base, traduisant une propriété analytique d'une classe très générale de fonctions, est un corollaire du théorème fondamental démontré dans un mémoire précédent, d'après lequel, étant donnés une fonction continue,p(, ,t) des points (, ) d'une surface régulière fermée et du temps et le champ
d'un vecteur vitesse de transfert ou d'advection tangent à et ayant des lignes de flux fermées et régulières, il existe un opérateur spatial, linéaire, non singulierA tel que la fonctionA(p+Const.) soit purement advective par rapport a
(sans creusement ni comblement). Ce théorème peut être exprimé par l'équation
, où
est un opérateur spatial, linéaire et non singulier, fonction deA.La détermination de
peut être faite, soit en comparant deux formes différentes de la solution générale de l'équation en
, soit en utilisant un raisonnement a priori très simple. On arrive ainsi au résultat
pour un certain scalaireu(, ).Dans le cas oùp(, ,t) est la perturbation de la pression sur la surface du géoïde l'équation
résulte aussi, comme nous l'avons montré dans le mémoire précédent, de notre théorie hydrodynamique des perturbations. On montre ici que la même équation peut encore être déduite de l'équation de continuité associée à la condition d'équilibre quasi statique selon la verticale.Comme applications de la formule de base (solution générale de l'équation enM), on étudie les problèmes suivants: 1o creusement et comblement en général; 2o creusement et comblement des centres et des cols; 3o mouvement des centres et des cols; 4o instabilité d'un champ moyen; 5o propriétés spatiales des champsp(, ,t) et des vecteurs d'advection
analytiques.Après une discussion des erreurs de la prévision d'un champp(, ,t) par la formule de base, du fait des erreurs des observations et du fonctionnement du calculateur, on examine quelques particularités du transfert ou advection d'un champf
0(, ) par le vecteur
. Enfin, le dernier chapitre du mémoire donne des éclaircissements complémentaires sur la structure du calculateur électronique «Temp» (qui effectue automatiquement les opérations mathématiques de la formule de base) et expose l'état actuel de sa construction.
Summary The basic formula, expressing an analytical property of a very general class of functions, is a corollary of the fundamental theorem, proved in a previous paper, according to which, given a functionp(, ,t) of the points (, ) of a closed regular surface and of the time, and a transfer or advection velocity vector tangent to and having regular closed streamlines, there is a spatial, linear, non singular operatorA such thatA(p+const.) is a purely advective function in respect to (no deepening). This theorem can be expressed by the equation where is a spatial, linear, non singular operator depending onA.The determination of can be attained, either by the comparison of two different forms of the general solution of the -equation, or by a simple a priori reasonning. The conclusion is thus reached that for a certain scalaru(, ).Whenp(, ,t) is the pressure perturbation at sea level, it was shown, in the preceding paper, that the equation can also be derived from our hydrodynamical perturbation theory. We now show that for this particular case, the same equation is also a consequence of the equation of continuity together with the condition of quasi statical vertical equilibrium.The following problems are then analysed by means of the basic formula: 1o deepening and filling in general; 2o deepening and filling of the centres and cols; 3o motion of the centres and cols; 4o instability of a mean field; 5o spatial properties of the analytical fields and advection vectors .The errors in the forecast of a field,p(, ,t) by means of the basic formula, due to the observational and computational errors, are discussed, and some peculiarities of the transfer or advection of a fieldf 0(, ) by are examined. Finally, complementary points are disclosed on the structure of the electronic computer «Temp» which performs automatically the mathematical operations of the basic formula, and a brief report is given of the present state of its construction.相似文献
102.
Résumé Nous appliquons dans ce mémoire la théorie des perturbations, développée antérieuremet par l'un de nous, à la déduction des principales caractéristiques normales des perturbations compatibles avec un champ moyen donné de pression et de température. Cette deduction comprend la détermination: 1) de la configuration moyenne des perturbations dans les différentes régions étudiées; 2) des zones de creusement et de comblement et en particulier des foyers de formation et de disparition des perturbations; 3) des trajectoires, vitesses, fréquences et amplitudes moyennes des perturbations. C'est à l'ensemble de ces propriétés moyennes que nous donnons le nom de «climatologie dynamique» d'une période donnée.Après une première partie théorique, nous donnons des exemples d'application des résultats généraux à la climatologie dynamique des mois de Janvier et de Juillet pour l'Amérique du Nord, l'Atlantique Nord et l'Europe.
à ce mémoire a été assigné le Prix 1956 de la « Società Italiana di Geofisica e Meteorologia ». 相似文献
Summary In this paper we apply the theory of perturbations, previously developed by one of us, to the deduction of the main normal characteristics of the perturbations that are compatible with a given mean field of pressure and temperature. This deduction comprises the determination: 1) of the mean configuration of the perturbations for the different regions under examination; 2) of the normal deepening and filling regions of the perturbations, and particularly their formation and vanishing focuses; 3) of the mean paths, speeds, frequencies and amplitudes of the perturbations. The «dynamical climatology» we are contemplating here is concerned with all these mean properties of the perturbations for a given period.After a first theoretical part, we give some examples of the application of the general results to the dynamical climatology of January and July for North America, North Atlantic and Europe.
à ce mémoire a été assigné le Prix 1956 de la « Società Italiana di Geofisica e Meteorologia ». 相似文献
103.
Prof. Ing. Antonio Gião 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1955,32(1):124-130
Résumé Le mémoire commence par une analyse des relations qui existent entre les notions d'analyticité, de non analyticité et d'unicité des solutions d'équations d'évolution d'un certain type et les notions de déterminisme, d'indéterminisme et de prédéterminabilité des phénomènes correspondants.Ces résultats sont ensuite appliqués au cas des perturbations atmosphériques et l'on montre, en s'appuyant sur la théorie des distributions, que les solutions d'une équation différentielle spatio-temporelle de ces perturbations, déduite par l'auteur dans des mémoires antérieurs, jouissent de la propriété d'unicité, ce qui justifié théoriquement l'application de cette équation en prévision du temps.Finalement, ou expose brièvement un nouveau procédé permettant une détermination facile du facteur de non-analyticité qui intervient dans la solution générale de l'équation des perturbations.
Summary The paper begins with an analysis of the relations existing between the notions of analyticity, non-analyticity and unicity of the solutions of equations of evolution of a certain type and the notions of determinism, indeterminism and predeterminability of the corresponding phenomena.These results are then applied to the atmospheric perturbations and it is shown, by means of the distribution theory, that the solutions of a spatio-temporal differential equation of these perturbations, previously deduced by the author in other papers, have the unicity property. This is the theoretical proof that such equation can be applied in weather forecasting.Finally, a new procedure is outlined for an easy determination of the non-analyticity factor appearing in the general solution of the perturbation equation.相似文献
104.
Analysis of the weightiness of site effects on reinforced concrete (RC) building seismic behaviour: The Adra town example (SE Spain) 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Manuel Navarro Francisco Vidal Takahisa Enomoto Francisco J. Alcalá Antonio García‐Jerez Francisco J. Sánchez Norio Abeki 《地震工程与结构动力学》2007,36(10):1363-1383
The damage distribution in Adra town (south‐eastern Spain) during the 1993 and 1994 Adra earthquakes (5.0 magnitude), that reached a maximum intensity degree of VII (European Macroseismic Scale (EMS scale)), was concentrated mainly in the south‐east zone of the town and the most relevant damage occurred in reinforced concrete (RC) buildings with four or five storeys. In order to evaluate the influence of ground condition on RC building behaviour, geological, geomorphological and geophysical surveys were carried out, and a detailed map of ground surface structure was obtained. Short‐period microtremor observations were performed in 160 sites on a 100m × 100m dimension grid and Nakamura's method was applied in order to determine a distribution map of soil predominant periods. Shorter predominant periods (0.1–0.3 s) were found in mountainous and neighbouring zones and larger periods (greater than 0.5 s) in thicker Holocene alluvial fans. A relationship T = (0.049 ± 0.001)N, where T is the natural period of swaying motion and N is the number of storeys, has been empirically obtained by using microtremor measurements at the top of 38 RC buildings (ranging from 2 to 9 storeys). 1‐D simulation of strong motion on different soil conditions and for several typical RC buildings were computed, using the acceleration record in Adra town of the 1993 earthquake. It is noteworthy that all the aforementioned results show the influence of site effects in the degree and distribution of observed building damage. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
105.
Local site effect microzonation of Lorca town (SE Spain) 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
M. Navarro A. García-Jerez F. J. Alcalá F. Vidal T. Enomoto 《Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering》2014,12(5):1933-1959
Local site effect assessment based on subsurface ground conditions is often the key to evaluate urban seismic hazard. The site effect evaluation in Lorca town (south-eastern Spain) started with a classification of urban geology through the geological mapping at scale 1:10,000 and the use of geotechnical data and geophysical surveys. The 17 geological formations identified were classified into 5 geological/seismic formations according to their seismic amplification capacity obtained from ambient vibration measurements as well as from simultaneous strong motion records. The shear-wave velocity structure of each geological/seismic formation was evaluated by means of inversion of Rayleigh wave dispersion data obtained from vertical-component array records of ambient noise. Nakamura’s method was applied to determine a predominant period distribution map. The spectral amplification factors were fourfold the values recorded in a reference hard-rock site. Finally, the capability of this study for explaining the damage distribution caused by the May 11th, 2011 Lorca destructive earthquake (Mw \(=\) 5.2) was examined. The methods used in this work are of assistance to evaluate ground amplification phenomena in urban areas of complex geology as Lorca town due to future earthquakes with applicability on urban seismic risk management. 相似文献
106.
Yoana Del-Pilar-Ruso Jose Antonio de-la-Ossa-Carretero Francisca Giménez-Casalduero Jose Luis Sánchez-Lizaso 《Marine pollution bulletin》2010,60(11):1930-1938
The European Water Framework Directive (WFD) and the Urban Wastewater Treatment Directive (UWWTD) aim to improve water quality and reduce the environmental impact of wastewater, by requiring member states to introduce better treatment levels. This study was carried out in order to detect the most suitable treatment type or flow level for reducing benthic environmental impact. Therefore, soft-bottom polychaete assemblages affected by discharges of six treatment plants, with different treatment technologies and flow rates, were analysed over three consecutive years. Polychaete assemblages changed as a result of sewage discharge. These changes were related to treatment level and flow rates. Both disposal quality and quantity are important since changes in soft-bottom assemblages in stations affected by pre-treated sewage with medium and high flow rates are observed. However, the location with a low-flow pre-treated effluent has similar polychaete assemblages with regard to locations with biological treatment or controls. 相似文献
107.
Evaluating proxies for estimating subaerial beach volume change across increasing time scales and various morphologies 下载免费PDF全文
Proxies, such as changes in beach profiles and shoreline positions, are commonly used in management and research for estimating changes in subaerial beach volume; however, the accuracy of these proxies across increasing time scales and complex morphologies is unclear. Volume changes associated with along‐beach morphologic variability may not be captured well by changes in profiles, while volume changes associated with across‐beach morphologic variability may not be captured well by measuring shoreline change. This study assesses the impacts of morphologic variations, associated with beach cusps and nourishment material, on volume change estimates from profiles and shoreline change at 0.5 to 3.5 year time periods. Results indicate that profiles spaced ≥ 150 m apart and the shoreline‐change proxy will likely estimate volume change inaccurately over periods ≤ 1 year at beaches that are consistently eroding or accreting and contain cusps. However, over longer time periods (1–3.5 years), estimates of volume change from both proxies improved at those types of beaches. Volume changes at the edges of nourishment areas are not captured well by profiles. When the nourishment material is graded to a ramped morphology, which minimizes across‐beach morphologic variability, the shoreline‐change proxy does accurately estimate volume changes. Both proxies estimate volume changes inaccurately at beaches where volume changes oscillate between erosion and accretion on both short and long time scales because the magnitude of small‐scale changes in volume from the formation and erosion of morphologic features, such as cusps and berms, will always be similar to the longer‐term net volume change. This study suggests that decadal records of shoreline change, which are commonly developed using aerial photography, can be used to help identify the best proxy for estimating volume change; however, recent anthropogenic modifications that impact patterns of beach sedimentation, including nourishment, terminal groins, and inlet‐channel dredging, makes decadal records less useful. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
108.
Quantifying the rate and depth dependence of bioturbation based on optically‐stimulated luminescence (OSL) dates and meteoric 10Be 下载免费PDF全文
Michelle O. Johnson Simon M. Mudd Brad Pillans Nigel A. Spooner L. Keith Fifield Mike J. Kirkby Manuel Gloor 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2014,39(9):1188-1196
Both the rate and the vertical distribution of soil disturbance modify soil properties such as porosity, particle size, chemical composition and age structure; all of which play an important role in a soil's biogeochemical functioning. Whereas rates of mixing have been previously quantified, the nature of bioturbation's depth dependence remains poorly constrained. Here we constrain, for the first time, the relationship between mixing rate and depth in a bioturbated soil in northeast Queensland, Australia using a novel method combining OSL (optically‐stimulated luminescence) ages and meteoric beryllium‐10 (10Be) inventories. We find that the best fit mixing rate decreases non‐linearly with increasing soil depth in this soil and the characteristic length scale of 0.28 m over which the mixing coefficient decays is comparable to reported rooting depth coefficients. In addition we show that estimates of surface mixing rates from OSL data are highly dependent on erosion rate and that erosion rate must be constrained if accurate mixing rates are to be quantified. We calculate surface diffusion‐like mixing coefficients of 1.8 × 10?4 and 2.1 × 10?4 m2 yr?1 for the studied soil for two different estimates of soil erosion. © 2014 The Authors. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. 相似文献
109.
Innovative Germicidal UV and Photocatalytic System Dedicated to Aircraft Cabin Eliminates Volatile Organic Compounds and Pathogenic Micro‐Organisms 下载免费PDF全文
110.
Fire severity and surface rock fragments cause patchy distribution of soil water repellency and infiltration rates after burning 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3 下载免费PDF全文
Ángel J. Gordillo‐Rivero Jorge García‐Moreno Antonio Jordán Lorena M. Zavala Fernando M. Granja‐Martins 《水文研究》2014,28(24):5832-5843
Although fire‐induced soil water repellency (SWR) and its effects on soil hydrology and geomorphology have been studied in detail, very few studies have considered the effect of rock fragments resting on the soil surface or partly embedded in soil. In this research, we have studied the effect of rock fragments on the strength and spatial distribution of fire‐induced SWR at different fire severities. A fire‐affected area was selected for this experiment and classified into different zones according to fire severity (unburned, low, moderate and high) and rock fragment cover (low, <20% and high, >60%). During 7 days after fire, SWR and infiltration rates were assessed in the soil surface covered by individual rock fragments and in the midpoint between two adjacent rock fragments (with maximum spacing of 20 cm). SWR increased with fire severity. Rock fragments resting on the soil surface increased the heterogeneity of the spatial distribution of fire‐induced SWR. SWR increased significantly with rock fragment cover in bare areas under moderate and high fire severity, but quantitatively important changes were only observed under high fire severity. In areas with a low rock fragment cover, water repellency from soil surfaces covered by rock fragments increased relative to bare soil surfaces, with increasing SWR. In areas with a high rock fragment cover, SWR increased significantly from non‐covered to covered soil surfaces only after low‐severity burning. Rock fragment cover did not affect infiltration rates, although it decreased significantly in soil surfaces after high‐severity burning in areas under low and high rock fragment cover. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献