渤海地区全新世孢粉序列及古环境演化

通过对取自黄河口外泥质区的BH-264孔的沉积孢粉进行分析,对渤海地区全新世古植被和古环境演化历史进行了恢复。在早全新世(距今9.5~7.6 ka)渤海地区气候温暖湿润,在陆缘海滨地带出现大量沼泽湿地,上面生长着莎草和香蒲等植被,在周围的山地、丘陵和平原地区植被以松属和落叶栎属为主,并伴生着桦木属、榆科、桑科等树种;在中全新世(距今7.6~5.8 ka)温度的升高和海平面上升,使BH-264孔沉积孢粉中松属占主导地位,不利于远距离传播的草本植物花粉含量降为全新世最低值;在距今5.8 ka以后东亚夏季风减弱和降雨量减少导致渤海西部陆源海滨地带植被以旱生草本藜科、蒿属和菊属为主,黄河三角洲的形成缩短了研究区的离岸距离,使这些草本植物花粉易于传播到BH-264孔中沉积。     

Isolation of sea surface salinity maps on various timescales in the tropical Pacific Ocean

To isolate sea surface salinity (SSS) maps on seasonal, ENSO, decadal, and long-term trend timescales in the tropical Pacific Ocean, the ensemble empirical mode decomposition (EEMD) is applied on an SSS data set covering 1950–2009, concerning three key regions including the western equatorial Pacific Warm Pool (WP), South Pacific Convergence Zone (SPCZ), and Inter Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ); then a self-organizing map is performed on the intrinsic mode function maps decomposed by the EEMD, concerning the whole basin. The ENSO and decadal signals concern mainly the western Pacific, in contrast to the seasonal signal mostly notable in the east. (1) The modulated annual cycle has smaller (larger) amplitudes during El Ni?o (La Ni?a) years and later appearance of minima during El Ni?o years; one unique annual cycle is observed at the northwestern edge of the ITCZ lagging the well-known ITCZ cycle by ~3?months. (2) The pronounced 1999–2001 SSS-related La Ni?a event in the SPCZ was reinforced twice by the decadal shift in the 1990s; the eastern Pacific and central Pacific ENSO-related SSS features are compared. (3) The contrasted anomalies between the western equatorial and non-equatorial regions were pronounced during 1977–1996, whereas they were less pronounced during 1971–1976, 2005–2008, and a roughly opposite pattern appeared with strong and abrupt decrease shift prevailing in large areas over the southwestern basin during 1997–2004. (4) The freshening at the western equator and the saltening located east of the SPCZ SSS front together amplify the geographical SSS contrasts exhibited by the WP and SPCZ SSS fronts.     

Distribution of major and trace elements in surface sediments of Hangzhou Bay in China

The Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometer was used to analyze sediment samples collected from the Hangzhou Bay to determine major and trace elemental concentrations. Based on these concentrations, the study area can be classified into three geochemical provinces. Province I covers the northern Hangzhou Bay area and contains high concentrations of Al₂ O₃ , Fe₂ O₃ , MgO, Na₂ O, K₂ O, MnO, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, V, Co and Zn. Province III is located in the western Hangzhou Bay, near the Qiantang River mouth, and contains high concentrations of SiO₂ , Na₂ O, P₂ O₅ , TiO₂ , Cr, Sr, Zr. Province II is located in the middle and eastern Hangzhou Bay, with the medium concentrations of major and trace elements. The results also demonstrate that the grain size is the dominating factor controlling the spatial variations of elemental concentrations, and the Changjiang River （Yangtze River） and Qiantang River sediments play an important role in the distribution of these elements. Anthropogenic impact on heavy metal concentrations （especially Cr, Sr and Zr） can be detected in the surface sediments near the Qiantang River mouth.     

农田景观空间异质性分析及遥感监测最优尺度选择——以三江平原为例

农情遥感监测需要高时间分辨率的遥感数据,目前这些数据大都为中低空间分辨率影像。在这些尺度下,像元内部往往是异质的,从而影响农情参数反演精度。因此分析和表达农田景观空间异质性和最优尺度选择对遥感农情监测质量的提高具有重要的应用价值。选取建三江农垦区四种典型农田景观为研究点,Landsat/TM NDVI为实验数据,利用实验变异函数对四种景观类型的各向空间异质性进行了分析, 而后通过变异函数模型拟合,定量分析了各个研究点的整体空间异质性,并在此基础上进行了研究区遥感监测最优尺度选择。研究表明:(1) 基于实验变异函数的结构分析方法,可定性地认识空间异质性的大小和方向,进而挖掘出其背后的自然和人为驱动因素。(2) 对实验变异函数进行拟合分析,可定量地刻画不同景观格局各自的空间异质性特性。此外,基于变异函数对空间异质性的定量表达,讨论了利用积分变程A结合Nyquist-Shannon采样定理进行最优尺度选择的方法。     

南坑河污染初步调查及河岸植物的富集能力

南坑河是新丰江的一条支流,直接汇入广东省最大的饮用水源地新丰江水库。野外调查中发现私自采矿和在河流沿岸洗矿等行为不断发生,大量洗矿废水未经处理直接注入南坑河,可能会造成污染。因此,采样初步分析了南坑河河水、河流底泥沉积物及附近优势植物的9种重金属元素含量。结果发现：与地表水II类标准相比,南坑河枯水期水体污染严重,其中连续2 a的铅、砷和汞超标,超标倍数分别为1.7~1.8、1.3~1.9和1.6~2.9倍,而底泥中铜、镉、铅、锌和砷均超标,超标倍数分别为4.8、9.0、3.9、4.3和10.9倍,镉和砷超标较为严重。另外,收集并鉴定了河岸或河漫滩中天然生长的15种植物,发现以蕨类植物和多年生禾草为主要类型。通过分析植物体内9种重金属元素含量,发现对砷吸附能力最强的当属蜈蚣草,其叶片中砷的含量（609.20 mg/kg）和茎干中砷的含量（814.77 mg/kg）均大于根部的砷含量（577.30 mg/kg）;蜈蚣草对铁、锰、铜和铅的吸附能力也远远大于其他河岸植物,可以作为良好地修复以砷为主的复合重金属污染土壤的富集植物。     

Full-scale tests of wind effects on a long span roof structure

Full-scale measurements are regarded as the most reliable method to evaluate wind effects on large buildings and structures. Some selected results are presented in this paper from the full-scale measurement of wind effects on a long-span steel roof structure during the passage of Typhoon Fanapi. Some fi eld data, including wind speed and direction, acceleration responses, etc., were continuously and simultaneously recorded during the passage of the typhoon. Comprehensive analysis of the measured data is conducted to evaluate the typhoon-generated wind characteristics and its effects on a long-span steel roof. The fi rst four natural frequencies and their vibration mode shapes of the Guangzhou International Sports Arena(GISA) roof are evaluated by the stochastic subspace identifi cation(SSI) method and comparisons with those from fi nite element(FE) analysis are made. Meanwhile, damping ratios of the roof are also identifi ed by the SSI method and compared with those identifi ed by the random decrement method; the amplitude-dependent damping behaviors are also discussed. The fullscale measurement results are further compared with the corresponding wind tunnel test results to evaluate its reliability. The results obtained from this study are valuable for academic and professional engineers involved in the design of large-span roof structures.     

大地震前体应变临震异常现象

本文对2011年1月至2014年4月间全球发生的80次MS≥7.0级地震前,二张营台和天堂河台Sacks体应变临震异常现象进行了研究,针对复杂震例提出了异常识别的前提条件。统计结果显示,体应变观测对震中距为8000km范围内的MS≥7.0级地震映震和前兆异常反映较好。同时,对异常现象进行了分类和描述,划分了三种异常类型：即固体潮畸变型、突变型和慢地震型,并对各种类型作了统计分析,进行了力学性质初步探讨。从研究结果来看,体应变异常信息对未来全球强震的发生具有一定的预示意义。