上海城市精细化地表温度分布模拟

本文引入了一种模拟城市复杂下垫面地表温度的方法,该方法基于地表辐射参数化方案（NARP）计算城市净辐射通量,然后利用客观滞后模型OHM计算地表储热通量,再利用强迫恢复法计算表面温度。通过上海地区高分辨率卫星资料获取不同地表类型覆盖比例,以每个格点中各地表覆盖类型所占面积比例为权重计算格点的平均地表温度,并对2013年8月12日上海地区地表温度进行模拟。结果表明：上海城市下垫面与其他类型下垫面相比,地表温度白天升高较快,而夜间下降较慢。模拟结果与MODIS陆面温度及地面观测资料进行比较,模拟的上海地表温度分布结构更精细,与气象站观测值较接近。     

Response of Atmospheric Energy to Historical Climate Change in CMIP5

Three forms of atmospheric energy, i.e., internal, potential, and latent, are analyzed based on the historical simulations of 32 Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5(CMIP5) models and two reanalysis datasets(NCEP/NCAR and ERA-40). The spatial pattern of climatological mean atmospheric energy is well reproduced by all CMIP5 models. The variation of globally averaged atmospheric energy is similar to that of surface air temperature(SAT) for most models. The atmospheric energy from both simulation and reanalysis decreases following the volcanic eruption in low-latitude zones. Generally, the climatological mean of simulated atmospheric energy from most models is close to that obtained from NCEP/NCAR, while the simulated atmospheric energy trend is close to that obtained from ERA-40. Under a certain variation of SAT, the simulated global latent energy has the largest increase ratio, and the increase ratio of potential energy is the smallest.     

El Niño-Southern Oscillation impacts on winter winds over Southern California

Changes in wintertime 10 m winds due to the El Niño-Southern Oscillation are examined using a 6 km resolution climate simulation of Southern California covering the period from 1959 through 2001. Wind speed statistics based on regional averages reveal a general signal of increased mean wind speeds and wind speed variability during El Niño across the region. An opposite and nearly as strong signal of decreased wind speed variability during La Niña is also found. These signals are generally more significant than the better-known signals in precipitation. In spite of these regional-scale generalizations, there are significant sub-regional mesoscale structures in the wind speed impacts. In some cases, impacts on mean winds and wind variability at the sub-regional scale are opposite to those of the region as a whole. All of these signals can be interpreted in terms of shifts in occurrences of the region’s main wind regimes due to the El Niño phenomenon. The results of this study can be used to understand how interannual wind speed variations in regions of Southern California are influenced by the El Niño phenomenon.     

Turbulence Structure Within and Above a Canopy of Bluff Elements

Measurements of turbulence structure in a wind-tunnel model canopy of bluff elements show many of the features associated with vegetation canopies and roughness sublayers but also display features more characteristic of the inertial sublayer (ISL). Points of similarity include the existence of an inflexion point in the space-time averaged streamwise velocity at the canopy top, the variation with height of turbulent second moments and the departure of the turbulent kinetic energy budget from local equilibrium in and just above the canopy. Quadrant analysis shows characteristic dominance of sweep over ejection events within the canopy although sweeps are more frequent than usually seen in vegetation canopies. Points of difference are a u′, w′ correlation coefficient that is closer to the ISL value than to most canopy data, and a turbulent Prandtl number midway between canopy and ISL values. Within the canopy there is distinct spatial partitioning into two flow regimes, the wake and non-wake regions. Both time-mean and conditional statistics take different values in these different regions of the canopy flow. We explain many of these features by appealing to a modified version of the mixing-layer hypothesis that links the dominant turbulent eddies to the instability of the inflexion point at canopy top. However, it is evident that these eddies are perturbed by the quasi-coherent wakes of the bluff canopy elements. Based upon an equation for the instantaneous velocity perturbation, we propose a criterion for deciding when the eddies linked to the inflexion point will dominate flow structure and when that structure will be replaced by an array of superimposed element wakes. In particular, we show that the resemblance of some features of the flow to the ISL does not mean that ISL dynamics operate within bluff-body canopies in any sense.     

上海中心城区二氧化碳通量特征分析

利用位于上海中心城区徐家汇站的涡动相关湍流通量资料,对该区域2012年12月至2013年11月二氧化碳（CO₂）通量的时间变化、空间分布特征、年总排放量进行分析。结果表明：中心城区徐家汇为CO₂通量的源区,CO₂通量的日变化呈现与交通流量相对应的双峰现象,冬季的通量值普遍小于其他季节,尤其在早高峰时段更为明显。节假日CO₂通量的早高峰效应并不明显,其峰值明显低于工作日,且有滞后的趋势。各方向CO₂通量大小与其周边下垫面情况密切相关,夏季白天在商业建筑密集区和主要道路处,CO₂通量明显高于其他季节。上海中心城区CO₂通量的年总排放量为44.5 kg/（m²·a）,高于国内外其他城市的市中心或高密度住宅区的数值,这主要和观测时段相对偏晚、植被覆盖率偏低、周边高层建筑和主干道偏多有关。     

基于改进卷积神经网络的城市地下排水管道视频智能识别

城市地下排水管道是市政工程中的一个重要基础设施,但随着管道的老化,不同类型的缺陷开始产生,如何及时有效地对其进行智能识别是当前市政管理面临的一个重要挑战。对此,本文利用当前最新的深度学习进行管道视频图像的智能识别,提出了基于改进卷积神经网络的IM-CNN算法。算法基于InceptionV3框架,针对需要识别的管道图片不同类别缺陷间具有类不平衡性的特点,设计了面向管道识别的改进特征融合策略及新的目标函数。基于地下排水管道数据集的试验表明,该算法的预测识别能力不仅优于传统的机器学习算法,而且强于已有直接利用卷积神经网络的算法。     

山东焦家金矿煌斑岩特征及其与金矿化关系

焦家金矿煌斑岩为钙碱性云斜煌岩和拉辉煌斑岩,为成矿后脉岩。区内煌斑岩及金矿体的产状统计表明,二者产状无明显相关性。地球化学分析表明,煌斑岩中w(SiO2)为38.56%～47.52%,w(TiO2)为0.85%～2.20%,Mg#为45～70,Rb/Sr为0.02～0.08,显示幔源特征。矿石中广泛发育的含CO2包裹体、辉碲铋矿的存在及前人关于氦氩同位素的研究结果表明,幔源物质参与了本区成矿。胶东地区煌斑岩时代集中于89～130 Ma,与大规模成矿作用几乎同时发生;本次研究获得其K-Ar年龄为93.5±1.4 Ma,认为焦家金矿中的煌斑岩与金矿化为幔源C-H-O流体分异演化不同阶段的产物,形成于晚白垩世中国东部岩石圈持续伸展减薄的地球动力学背景。     

Accuracy assessment of georectified aerial photographs: Implications for measuring lateral channel movement in a GIS

Aerial photographs are commonly used to measure planform river channel change. We investigated the sources and implications of georectification error in the measurement of lateral channel movement by testing how the number (6–30) and type (human versus natural landscape features) of ground-control points (GCPs) and the order of the transformation polynomial (first-, second-, and third-order) affected the spatial accuracy of a typical georectified aerial photograph. Error was assessed using the root-mean-square error (RMSE) of the GCPs as well as error in 31 independent test points. The RMSE and the mean and median values of test-point errors were relatively insensitive to the number of GCPs above eight, but the upper range of test-point errors showed marked improvement (i.e., the number of extreme errors was reduced) as more GCPs were used for georectification. Using more GCPs thus improved overall georectification accuracy, but this improvement was not indicated by the RMSE, suggesting that independent test-points located in key areas of interest should be used in addition to RSME to evaluate georectification error.The order of the transformation polynomial also influenced test-point accuracy; the second-order polynomial function yielded the best result for the terrain of the study area. GCP type exerted a less consistent influence on test-point accuracy, suggesting that although hard-edged points (e.g., roof corners) are favored as GCPs, some soft-edged points (e.g., trees) may be used without adding significant error. Based upon these results, we believe that aerial photos of a floodplain landscape similar to that of our study can be consistently georectified to an accuracy of approximately ± 5 m, with 10% chance of greater error. The implications of georectification error for measuring lateral channel movement are demonstrated with a multiple buffer analysis, which documents the inverse relationship between the size of the buffers applied to two channel centerlines and the magnitude of change detected between them. This study demonstrates the importance of using an independent test-point analysis in addition to the RSME to evaluate and treat locational error in channel change studies.