THE GATE SQUALL LINE OF 9－10 AUGUST 1974

A tropical squall line that passed over the ship array of the Global Atmospheric Research Programme’s Atlantic Tropical Experiment (GATE) on 9－10 August 1974 is analyzed. This squall line was similar to squall systems that passed over the GATE ship array on four other days. It began as a purely convective cloud line, then developed an associated stratiform cloud and precipitation area. The stratiform rain built up to a maxi-mum amount over a period of 8 h, then gradually diminished over a 6 h period. This stratiform rain is esti-mated to have accounted for 32% of the squall system’s total precipitation. As in other GATE squall lines, the upper-level cloud shield from which the stratiform rain fell, was advected slowly forward of the line during the system’s lifetime, the leading line of corrective clouds consisted of transient smaller-scale convective elements, which lent the line an irregular shape and pulsatory movement, and the stratiform portion of the system was characterized by the development of a mid-level mesoscale vortex similar to that seen in other GATE eases.     

Zonal and meridional circulations in the equatorialzone as deduced from the divergence field of the surface wind

The zonal and meridional circulations and their variability are examined on the basis of the surface wind data for 1950-1979. The climatological mean zonal wind and its divergence are examined in reference to the Walker Circulation. The role played by the meridional circulation in contributing to convergence of the surface wind field within the equatorial zone is emphasized. Regression coefficients are used to infer seasonal mean anomalies of divergence of the surface wind in years when the sea level pressure is 1 hPa above normal at Darwin, a condition representative of El Nino events. It is shown that anomalies in the divergence associated with the meridional wind component are primarily responsible for the heavy precipitation in the Central Pacific, while the anomalous divergence associated with the zonal wind component may cause the drought in the Western Pacific near Indonesia. A similar pattern of divergence anomalies is evident during three consecutive seasons beginning in northern summer and ending in northern winter. The reinforcement of the Hadley Circulation during El Nino episodes is noted. It is shown that the circulations over the Atlantic Ocean and Pacific Ocean are relatively uncorrelated. The interrelation between the dipole anticyclones and the meridional cir-culation over the central Pacific is discussed.     

大气环流模式中陆地水过程参数化的现状

(译者加)近年来,全球干旱等现象的模拟研究受到广泛的重视,而模拟的结果在一定程度上依赖于GCM中陆地水过程参数化的改进。这种状况促进了陆地水过程参数化的研究。本文对之进行了较系统的评述,首先回顾了GCM中现行的参数化方案,然后讨论了植被覆盖在地-气相互作用中的重要性以及这方面的研究状况,最后叙述了陆地水过程参数化中的主要困难。     

诊断在天气预报中的作用

本文指出,在天气预报日趋定量化和客观化的今天,预报工作者要避免把客观模式看成“黑盒子”。在相当长的一段时间里,仅使用定量模式可能还不足以满足天气预报的需要,必须继续运用关于大气过程的定性信息。在这当中,诊断分析是关键的步骤。     

降水系统的概念模式

雷达和卫星图象的解释是临近预报的主要内容之一。在做提前几小时的降水详细预报时,需要借助于天气尺度、中尺度现象和它们的机制对图象进行仔细的解释。本文综述了一些概念模式,这些模式描绘了热带和中纬地区的中纬度气旋、中尺度对流系统的各种表现。特别讨论了下述现象: (ⅰ)暖输送带,包括在上滑和下滑冷锋形势中具有后倾上升和前倾上升的输送带;(ⅱ)暖锋前的冷输送带;(ⅲ)出现在冷锋前低空急流边界层的与线对流相联系的窄雨带;(ⅳ)与对流层中层对流有关的中尺度宽雨带;(ⅴ)热带和中纬度飑线;(ⅵ)热带和中纬度非飑线中尺度对流系统;(ⅶ)与冷旋涡相联的次天气尺度逗点云;(ⅷ)极槽输送带和即刻锢囚(instant occlusion)。     

三种干旱指标的比较分析

测试了三种干旱指标,并讨论了它们在描述不同干旱强度的干旱期方面的性能,作了相互比较。这些指标是:雨量距平指标(RAI)、Bhalme和Mooley干旱指标(BMDI)、Palmer干旱指标(PDI)。用内布拉斯加州资料作为例子,结果表明,在检测干旱期方面,这三种指标都是有效的。分析结果认为降水是影响气象干旱的最重要的气候因素。因此,可以得出结论:在进行单站分析时,用雨量这一简单指标和比较复杂的干旱指标,在描述干旱期和干旱强度方面,效果是相同的。     

根据遥感观测资料鉴定农作物群体状况方法的原理

当前,苏联国家水文气象委员会系统,在为农业部门进行的农业气象服务中,广泛地运用农作物的群体特征进行生长状况的鉴定。农作物状况的一般评定是以等级来表示的目测鉴定,在这种情况下观测员只能够考虑2—3个参数,同时考虑农业技术人员等提供的情报。这种观测形式所固有的最大缺点是主观性。随着获取信息的遥感方法的发展,已经可以根据遥感观测结果使作物状况的鉴定建立在定量特征的基础上。对农作物群体生长状况的鉴定来说,利用遥感方法的物理学前提是以群体的能量亮度为基础,它在很大程     

测量土壤中温度、导热率和水分含量的携带式仪器

本文介绍的携带式仪器可以在不改变土壤结构的情况下快速地(2到3秒)测量土壤中三种重要的基本特性:温度、导热率和水分。目前已有测量土壤某一特性的方法和一系列仪器,但尚缺乏可同时测量几种特性的仪器。     

ECMWF预报模式在不同地形方案下的系统误差检验

Wallace等的研究表明,由于引进了包络地形方案,欧洲中期天气预报中心(ECMWF)的中期天气预报有所改善。本文是上述工作的继续。所用的资料为原作者的数值试验结果。检验的对象包括纬向平均风场、温度场和经圈环流,及不同波数域中的涡旋和经圈环流对角动量的平均经向输送。结果表明,在冬季,包络地形方案对低纬地区的温度场和风场的预报略有改进,对总涡旋动量通量的模拟也较好。然而对天气尺度系统的预报和对热带对流及积云摩擦的参数化却有待更进一步改善。