Late Quaternary landscapes in Central Australia: sedimentary history and palaeoecology of Puritjarra rock shelter

Puritjarra rock shelter provides a long record of late Quaternary vegetation in the Australian arid zone. Analysis of the sedimentary history of this rock shelter is combined with reanalysis of charcoal and phytolith records to provide a first‐order picture of changing landscapes in western Central Australia. These show a landscape responding to increasing aridity from 45 ka with deflation of clay‐rich red palaeosols (<45 ka) and sharp declines in grassland and other vegetation at 40–36 ka, and at the beginning of the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) (24 ka). Vegetation in the catchment of the rock shelter recovered after 15 ka with expansion of both acacia woodland and spinifex grasslands, registering stronger summer rainfall in the interior of the continent. By 8.3 ka re‐vegetation of local palaeosols and dunes had choked off sediment supply to the rock shelter and the character of the sediments changed abruptly. Poaceae values peaked at 5.8 ka, suggesting the early–mid Holocene climatic optimum in Central Australia is bracketed between 8.3 and 5.8 ka. Local vegetation was disrupted in the late Holocene with a sharp decline in Poaceae at 3.8 ka, coinciding with an abrupt intensification of ENSO. Local grasslands recovered over the next two millennia and by 1.5 ka the modern vegetation appears to have become established. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Technique for Controlling Spread of Limnotic Oncomelania

Schistosomiasis is a parasitic disease mostly found in areas along the Changjiang River of China. The disease is spread solely through an intermediary named oncomelania, so its spread of schistosomiasis can be controlled by properly designing water intakes which prevent oncomelania from entering farming land or residential areas. This paper reports a successful design process and a new oncomelania-free intake device. The design of the new intake is based on a sound research program in which extensive experimental studies were carried out to gain knowledge of oncomelania eco-hydraulic behavior and detailed flow field information through CFD simulation.     

Evolution of the Radio Luminosities of the Tycho and Kepler Supernovae Remnants

Radio emission of the historical supernovae remnants Tycho (SNR1572) and Kepler (SNR1604) and evolution of their luminosity are considered. Measurement data of secular luminosity decrease rate, obtained earlier by the authors, were corrected with account of variation in time of the flux density of the reference sources. As a result, it is found that the SNR1604 luminosity at 1667 MHz is weakening with an annual mean rate equal to (0.2 ± 0.07)%. The corresponding rate for SNR1572 is (0.47 ± 0.05)%. Since the radio luminosity evolution, as well as energy densities of magnetic field and relativistic electrons inside SNR1604 and SNR1572 are essentially different, these remnants should be considered as different types of supernovae. Bandiera classified SN1604 as type SNIb or SNII.     

A Method for the Determination of an Intermediate Orbit from Three Positions of the Small Body on the Celestial Sphere

A new method is suggested for finding the preliminary orbit from three complete measurements of the angular coordinates of a celestial body developed by analogy with the classic Lagrange–Gauss method. The proposed method uses the intermediate orbit that we had constructed in an earlier paper based on two position vectors and the corresponding time interval. This intermediate orbit allows for most of the perturbations in the motion of the body. Using the orbital motion of asteroid 1566 Icarus as an example, we compare the results obtained by applying the classic and the new method. The comparison shows the new method to be highly efficient for studying perturbed motion. It is especially efficient if applied to high-precision observational data covering short orbital arcs.     

The Homoclinic Tangle of A 1:2 Resonance in a 2-D Hamiltonian System

We study in great detail the geometry of the homoclinic tangle, with respect to the energy, corresponding to an unstable periodic orbit of type 1:2, on a surface of section representing a 2-D Hamiltonian system. The tangle consists of two resonance areas, in contrast with the tangles of type-l or -{l, m, k, x = 0} considered in previous studies, that consist of only one resonance area. We study the intersections of the inner and outer lobes of the same resonance area and of the two resonance areas. The intersections of the lobes follow certain rules. The detailed study of these rules allows us to derive quantitative relations about the number of intersections and to understand the complex behavior of the higher order lobes by studying the lower order lobes. We find 1st, 2nd, 3rd, etc. order intersections formed by lobes making 1, 2, 3, etc. turns around an island. After a sufficiently high order of iterations a lobe may intersect its image and thus produce a Poincaré recurrence. Numerical results for a wide interval of energies are presented. The number of intersections changes through tangencies. In any finite interval of the energy between two tangencies of 1st order, an infinite number of higher order tangencies occur and thus, according to the Newhouse theorem, there exist nearby islands of stability.     

Late Quaternary vegetation changes around Lake Rutundu,Mount Kenya,East Africa: evidence from grass cuticles,pollen and stable carbon isotopes

Woody, subalpine shrubs and grasses currently surround Lake Rutundu, Mount Kenya. Multiple proxies, including carbon isotopes, pollen and grass cuticles, from a 755‐cm‐long core were used to reconstruct the vegetation over the past 38 300 calendar years. Stable carbon‐isotope ratios of total organic carbon and terrestrial biomarkers from the lake sediments imply that the proportion of terrestrial plants using the C₄ photosynthetic pathway was greater during the Late Pleistocene than in the Holocene. Pollen data show that grasses were a major constituent of the vegetation throughout the Late Pleistocene and Holocene. The proportion of grass pollen relative to the pollen from other plants was greatest at the last glacial maximum (LGM). Grass cuticles confirm evidence that C₄ grass taxa were present at the LGM and that the majority followed the cold‐tolerant NADP‐MEC₄ subpathway. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.