MM5对末次盛冰期中国气候的模拟研究Ⅰ:CO2和地球轨道参数的影响

通过模式结果与实况资料和地质记录对比,表明模式系统可以较好地模拟现代气候状况和末次盛冰期气候的变化,特别是降水的变化与地质记录符合得较好。在末次盛冰期和现代气候状况下地球轨道参数的变化对中国地区年平均温度的影响很小,但对不同季节温度变化的作用不同。冬季气温的变化比较显著,不能忽略。CO2浓度在末次盛冰期最低,其混合比为200×10-6,这使得气温降低。CO2的作用也存在明显的季节和区域特征。冬季其影响最大;但夏季其作用较小,甚至出现CO2浓度减少温度增加的现象。产生增温现象的原因是云量发生了变化,使到达地面的太阳辐射增加。这个结果表明云在气候变化中,可能起着非常重要的作用,甚至可以影响某时段和区域温度等要素变化的方向。青藏高原地区对这两个辐射因子变化的响应与中国其他地区相比偏小,原因是该地区的云量高于其他地区。相对现代气候,末次盛冰期地球轨道参数变化对气候的影响小于CO2的作用。但相对于末次盛冰期气候的变化,这两个因子的贡献都是比较小的。CO2对末次盛冰期年平均温度变化的贡献大约为3%—10%。此外,现代和末次盛冰期气候背景下,CO2的作用相同。     

夏季的季风环流

早在五十年代,陶诗言和陈隆勋(1957)就已指出,印度西南季风的爆发和我国长江流域梅雨的开始有密切关系。随后,我国不少气象工作者指出,孟加拉湾是我国夏季重要的水汽源地之一,而西南季风则起了水汽输送者的作用。所以,有关季风的研究对于解决我国夏季旱涝的予报有重大的意义。从大气环流来看,季风是夏季热带和付热带大气环流中重要的一员,季风云团提供了大量的凝结潜热,季风又是夏季热带地区角动量输送     

中国近45年来气候变化的研究

利用１９５１～１９９５年约４００站的月平均气温、降水和１９６１～１９９５年２００余站的最高和最低气温、相对湿度、总云量和低云量、日照时数、蒸发、风速和积雪日数和深度以及０～３．２ｍ共８层土壤温度等资料,对近４５ａ来中国气候变化特征作了一个较全面的分析研究。本文作为第一部分,分析了平均气温、最高最低气温、降水、相对湿度和日照的气候变化规律。其余要素的变化规律以及中国气候变化的可能机制将在第二部分中加以讨论。     

NUMERICAL EXPERIMENT OF IMPACT OF SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE IN SOUTH CHINA SEA AND WARM POOL/WEST PACIFIC ON EAST ASIAN SUMMER MONSOON

By using the NCAR CCM1 model, we have designed six sensitive experiments, which areincreased and decreased SST (sea surface temperature) by 1℃ each in the SCS (South China Sea)and in the West Pacific warm pool, increased and decreased SST by 1℃ in the warm pool withincreased SST by 1℃ in the SCS. All experiments are integrated from April to July. Comparingwith the control experiment, we have analyzed the anomalies of the wind field at the upper andlower layers, the anomalies of the seasonal variability of the monsoon and precipitation for eachexperiment. In the result, we have found that the SST anomaly (SSTA) in the SCS greatly affectsthe seasonal variability of the SCS monsoon and precipitation in China, especially during the coldperiod of SST in the SCS. The impact of SSTA in the warm pool on SCS monsoon is also found.but is weak as compared to the effect of SST anomaly in the SCS. Besides, its impact on rainfall inChina is uncertain.     

大气污染物含量分布与环境气象条件的关系

将1981—1986年我国大气降尘量、SO_2、NO_x及降水物pH平均值的分布特征与同期的平均雨量、雨日、相对湿度和地面风场等的分布作了对照,发现其间存在一定关系,当上述环境气象场发生变动或出现反常时,这些大气污染物的分布也将发生变化。     

IMPACT OF UPLIFT OF TIBETAN PLATEAU AND CHANGE OF LAND-OCEAN DISTRIBUTION ON CLIMATE OVER ASIA

Using an improved CCM1/NCAR climate dynamic model and a combination distribution ofland-ocean-vegetation during 40-50 MaBP,a series of numerical experiments representingdifferent stages of the Tibetan Plateau uplifting and different land-ocean distributions are designedto discuss the influence of the Plateau uplifting and land-ocean distribution variation on Asianclimate change.It is shown that Tibetan Plateau uplifting can firstly increase the precipitation inChina during the period from initial uplift to half height of modern Tibetan Plateau and thendecrease the rainfall during the time from the half height to the present plateau.At the same time.the uplifting can reduce surface air temperature over China.Besides.the effects of the uplift andland-ocean distribution change on the variation of winter and summer Asian monsoon circulationare also discussed.     

ON THE PROCESS OF SUMMER MONSOON ONSET OVER EAST ASIA

Using daily observational rainfall data covered 194 stations of China from 1961 to 1995 andNCEP model analyzed pentad precipitation data of global grid point from 1979 to 1997,thedistribution of onset date of rainy season over Asian area from spring to summer is studied in thispaper.The analyzed results show that there exist two stages of rainy season onset over East Asianregion from spring to summer rainy season onset accompanying subtropical monsoon and tropicalmonsoon respectively.The former rain belt is mainly formed by the convergence of cold air and therecurred southwesterly flow from western part of subtropical high and westerly flow from the so-called western trough of subtropical region occurring during winter to spring over South Asia.Thelatter is formed in the process of subtropical monsoon rain belt over inshore regions of South ChinaSea originally coming from south of Changjiang (Yangtze) River Basin advancing with northwardshift of subtropical high after the onset of tropical monsoon over South China Sea.The pre-floodrainy season over South China region then came into mature period and the second peak of rainfallappeared.Meiyu,the rainy season over Changjiang-Huaihe River Basin and North China thenformed consequently.The process of summer tropical monsoon onset over South China Sea in 1998is also discussed in this paper.It indicated that the monsoon during summer tropical monsoononset over South China Sea is the result of the westerly flow over middle part of South China Sea,which is from the new generated cyclone formed in north subtropical high entering into SouthChina Sea,converged with the tropical southwesterly flow recurred by the intensified cross-equatorial flow.     

西太平洋暖池区海温异常对冬季环流影响的数值研究

应用全球气候模式就西太平洋暖池区冬季海温异常对冬季大气环流及东亚冬季风的影响问题进行了数值试验.结果表明;西太平洋暖池区海温异常可以引起太平洋中东部Walker环流加强并使其位置东移.同时,增温区附近两半球的Hadley环流也明显增强,增温区附近的上升运动及副热带地区的下沉运动均更加明显.在反常加热区附近有自热带向中高纬度传播的波列出现,从而把海温变化的影响传播到全球.西太平洋暖池区海温异常对副热带高压、西风急流、西风带槽脊强度及位置分布均有重大影响,并造成全球高度场、温度及风场的变化,它使增温区两侧的副热带高压加强并向极地一侧移动,促使西风急流加强并北移,使东亚大槽北缩,并增大高纬与热带之间的热力差异.暧池区海温的异常升高使东亚冬季风减弱,我国大部分地区增暖.