A Review on GRAPES-TMM Operational Model System at Guangzhou Regional Meteorological Center

This review summarizes the general developments of the operational mesoscale modeling based on the Global/Regional Assimilation and Prediction System-Tropical Monsoon Model (GRAPES-TMM) at the Guangzhou Regional Meteorological Center. GRAPES-TMM consists of the Tropical Regional Atmospheric Model System for the South China Sea (TRAMS, a typhoon model with a horizontal resolution of 9 km), the Mesoscale Atmospheric Regional Model System (MARS, 3km) and the fine-scale Rapid Update Cycling (RUC, 1km) forecasting system. The advances of model dynamical core and physical processes are summarized; the progress of model applications is reviewed and evaluated. The results show that the updated 9-3-1 forecasting system provides an overall improved performance on the weather forecasting in south China. Capabilities and limitations as well as the future development of the forecasting system are also discussed     

Will Glacier No.1 Tianshan exist in the 22nd century?

Mountains have been described as the water towers of the world. Almost all major rivers have their sources in mountains; glaciers are important water resources that contribute meltwater to river discharge. Glaciers participate in the global water cycle and, with their solid water storage, are an important component of the water balance. As solid reservoirs, glaciers continue to receive the mass nourishment of solid precipitation from the atmosphere, and their meltwater feed and regulate river discharge. Physical changes in glaciers are an indicator of climate change. Over the past half century, the global temperature has increased by 1–2 °C, which emphasizes the urgent task of monitoring glaciers and predicting their trend. As an example, we have investigated, researched, and surveyed Glacier No.1 in the Urumqi River source, Tianshan (abbr. Glacier No.1 Tianshan or Glacier No.1) for half a century. We have found an increase by degrees of the glacial regression during the last 400 years and discovered a terminal moraine which is forming today. The global temperature is rising continually, while the local glacial temperature is 0.4 times that of the global temperature change. Thus, we forecast that Glacier No.1 Tianshan will disappear during the late 21^st Century (2074–2100 A.D.).     

G328: A Small-Amplitude Red Variable with a Period Near One Day

G328 = A65 = L3314 (V = 13.83, B-V = 1.91) is a field star in the direction of the globular cluster M4. If we take E(B - V) = 0.40, then its (B - V)0 = 1.51, corresponding to a spectral type of K5III if it is a giant star; or of dM2 if it is a dwarf. Observations at both the MSSSO and Yunnan Observatory have shown that G328 is a new variable with peak to peak amplitude - 0.05 mag in V. While it is not unusual for so red a star to be a variable, special attention must be paid to its short period of about one day. If the variability is due to pulsation, the spectral type and luminosity as well as effective temperature should be determined in order to compare it with Xiong's theory.     

Global Axisymmetric Stability Analysis for a Composite System of Two Gravitationally Coupled Scale-Free Discs

For a composite system of gravitationally coupled stellar and gaseous discs, we have carried out a linear stability analysis for axisymmetric coplanar perturbations using the two-fluid formalism. The background stellar and gaseous discs are taken to be scale-free with all physical variables varying as powers of the cylindrical radius r with compatible exponents. The unstable modes set in as neutral modes or stationary perturbation configurations with angular frequency ω=0. The axisymmetric stable range is bounded by two marginal stability curves derived from stationary perturbation configurations. Because of the gravitational coupling between the stellar and the gaseous discs, one only needs to consider the parameter regime of the stellar disc. There exist two unstable regimes in general: a collapse regime corresponding to large-scale perturbations and a ring-fragmentation regime corresponding to short-wavelength perturbations. The composite system will collapse if it rotates too slowly and will succumb to ring-fragmentation instabilities if it rotates sufficiently fast. The overall stable range against axisymmetric perturbations is determined by a necossary D-criterion involving the effective Mach number squared Ds^2 (the squared ratio of the stellar disc rotation speed to the stellar velocity dispersion up to a numerical factor). Different mass ratio δ and sound speed ratio of the gaseous and stellar disc components will alter the overall stability. For spiral galaxies or circumnuclear discs, we further include the dynamical effect of a massive dark matter halo. Astrophysical applications to disc galaxies, proto-stellar discs and circumnuclear discs are given as examples.     

Zircon U-Pb Age,Geochemical, and Sr-Nd-Pb-Hf Isotopic Constraints on the Time Frame and Origin of Early Cretaceous Mafic Dykes in the Wuling Mountain Gravity Lineament,South China

In view of the importance of mafic dyke swarms and their contribution to current scientific problems relating to South China, herein, we present the findings of studies on twenty–five representative mafic dykes cropping out in Hunan Province and Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, within the southern Wuling Mountain gravity lineament, China. These results include new zircon LA-ICP-MS U-Pb age, whole rock geochemical, Sr-Nd-Pb isotopic, and zircon Hf isotopic data for these dykes. The dykes formed between 131.5 ± 1.2 and 121.6 ± 1.1 Ma, and have typical doleritic textures. They fall into the alkaline and shoshonitic series, are enriched in light rare earth elements(LREE), some large ion lithophile elements(LILE; e.g., Rb, Ba, and Sr), Th, U, and Pb, and are depleted in Nb, Ta, Hf, and Ti. Moreover, the dolerites have high initial87 Sr/86 Sr ratios(0.7055–0.7057), negative εNd(t) and zircon εHf(t) values(-14.8 to-11.9,-30.4 to-14.9), and relatively constant initial Pb isotopic ratios(that are EM1-like, 16.77–16.94, 15.43–15.47, and 36.84–36.92 for 206 Pb/204 Pb,207 Pb/204 Pb, and 208 Pb/204 Pb, respectively). These results indicate that the dykes were likely derived from magma generated through low-degree partial melting(1.0%–10%) of an EM1-like garnet–lherzolite mantle source. The parental magmas fractionated olivine, clinopyroxene, plagioclase, and Ti-bearing phases with negligible crustal contamination, during ascent and dyke emplacement. Several possible models have been proposed to explain the origin of Mesozoic magmatism along the Wuling Mountain gravity lineament. Herein we propose a reasonable model for the origin of these mafic dykes,involving the collision between the paleo-Pacific Plate and South China, which led to subsequent lithospheric extension and asthenosphere upwelling, resulting in partial melting the underlying mantle lithosphere in the Early Cretaceous, to form the parental magmas to the WMGL mafic dykes, as studied.     

Monitoring and analysis of ground temperature and deformation within Qinghai-Tibet Highway subgradein permafrost region

In order to study the stability of the Qinghai-Tibet Highway embankment at Chumaerhe in the permafrost region of northwest China, the ground temperature and deformation at different depths were monitored under the left and right shoulders of the embankment where thermosyphons were set up only on the left shoulder. Based on the monitored data, characteristics of ground temperature and deformation of the left and right shoulders are analyzed and discussed. The results show that the start time of freezing or thawing of the seasonal active layer was about one to two months later than that of the embankment body itself. The stability of each shoulder was mainly controlled by the settlement of different soil layers,whereasfrost heave of soil had scarcely any effect on the stability of the embankment. For the left shoulder, the settlement was mainly influenced by the seasonal active layer and then by the embankment body itself,due to freeze-thaw cycles which may change the soil properties; however, the permafrost layer remained fairly stable. For the right shoulder, creep of the warm permafrost layer was the main influence factor on its stability, followed by settlement of embankment body itself, and finally settlement of the seasonal active layer. Compared with the deformation of the left shoulder, the permafrost layer under the right shoulder was less stable, which indicates that the thermosyphons had a significantly positive effect on the stability of warm permafrost.     

“黄蜂”登陆过程中路径变化的可能成因分析

借助时间分辨率为6分钟的新一代多普勒雷达回波、卫星资料和常规观测资料对"黄蜂"在登陆过程中路径变化的情况进行了分析.主要是从雷达回波和卫星观测到的强水汽对流相对于风暴中心的分布,并运用包含非绝热加热作用的全型涡度方程,讨论对流潜热导致的涡度增加及涡度平流对风暴移速、移向的影响作用,解释了登陆过程中三个阶段路径变化的可能原因.认为:(1)登陆前阶段,由于强水汽对流在中心的东北到北侧,造成向西北方向的正涡度平流,从而这一阶段有相对较大向西移动分量,并且移速较快;(2)登陆阶段,前3小时,强水汽对流主要位于中心的西侧,因而有向南移动分量,后3小时,强水汽对流主要位于中心的南侧,因而有向东的移动分量,所以这个阶段风暴减速运动,并且前3小时继续向西北方向移动,而后3小时转为偏北方向;(3)登陆后阶段,由于风暴迅速减弱,强对流仅在东南-西北向区域短暂维持,风暴有向西北前方强对流区加速的趋向运动,因而在登陆后,"黄蜂"表现为西北向的加速运动.     

Geochronology and Geochemistry of Metallogenetic Porphyry Bodies from the Nongping Au-Cu Deposit in the Eastern Yanbian Area,NE China: Implications for Metallogenic Environment

The metallogenetic porphyry bodies in the Nongping Au-Cu deposit, in the eastern Yanbian area, mainly include porphyritic granodiorite and biotite granodiorite porphyry. They are featured with high silicon and enrichment in sodium, and classified into sodic rocks of low-K tholeiitic basalt series. Except slightly low Sr content, the rock basically has the geochemical characteristics of the adakite: relatively high A12O3 content, relatively low MgO content, depletion in Y and Yb; relative enrichment in large ion lithophile elements (LILEs) and light rare-earth elements (LREEs), relatively low content of high field strength elements (HFSEs); positive Eu anomaly or weak negative Eu anomaly. In situ zircon dating technology LA-MC-ICP-MS was used to conduct single-grain zircon dating of biotite granodiorite porphyry, and the results show that the age of metallogenetic porphyry body is 100.04±0.88 Ma, indicating that the porphyry bodies were emplaced in the late Cretaceous period. According to the regional tectonic setting and the comparison with the same kind of deposits, we think that the metallogenetic porphyry bodies in the Nongping Au-Cu deposit have a close genetic connection with the subduction of the Pacific plate in the late Yanshanian period. The adakitic magma generated from partial melting of the subducting plate has high formation temperature, high oxygen fugacity, and volatile constituents’ enrichment, so it is helpful for enrichment of metallogenetic elements and plays an important role in the formation of porphyry Au-Cu deposits in this region.     

扬子克拉通峡东地区新元古代-寒武纪黑色岩系Os同位素地球化学特征及其地质意义

报道了扬子克拉通峡东地区新元古代至寒武纪含碳黑色泥质岩的Re-Os同位素和微量元素地球化学组成特征, 并对地层沉积环境的演化性质及其地质意义进行了讨论.研究表明: (1)峡东地区新元古代晚期-寒武纪早期细粒碎屑沉积岩Os同位素初始比值呈规律变化, 且具高Os同位素初始比值的层位与前人研究中发现的C同位素负漂移地层相对应; (2)南沱组冰碛岩具高放射成因Os同位素组成特征, 而其上覆盖帽碳酸盐岩为低放射成因Os同位素比值, 向上地层Os同位素初始比值表现为局部波动、总体增高的演化趋势; (3)微量元素U/Th比值与δU值指示莲沱组砂岩与南沱组冰碛岩具氧化环境的特征, 而陡山沱组、灯影组以及水井沱组底部黑色泥质岩则形成于相对还原环境; (4)Y/Ho比值和δCe值的负相关性特征指示部分地层沉积过程中有海底热液物质参与, 应为导致剖面上部分层位出现低放射性成因Os同位素组成的重要原因之一.高Os同位素比值和深海的脉冲式演化以及古生物群的产出之间很好的对应关系为探讨大陆风化与大气和海洋中氧气含量增加的联系提供了新的地球化学证据.南沱组冰碛岩Os同位素以及微量元素特征暗示其并非形成于完全冰封的地球表面环境, 而是存在较强的大陆岩石风化作用.