EXPERIMENTS ON ASSIMILATION OF INITIAL VALUES IN NUMERICAL PREDICTION OF A WARM-SECTOR PRECIPITATION IN SOUTH CHINA

In order to understand the impact of initial conditions upon prediction accuracy of short-term forecast and nowcast of precipitation in South China, four experiments i.e. a control, an assimilation of conventional sounding and surface data, testing with nudging rainwater data and the assimilation of radar-derived radial wind, are respectively conducted to simulate a case of warm-sector heavy rainfall that occurred over South China, by using the GRAPES_MESO model. The results show that (1) assimilating conventional surface and sounding observations helps improve the 24-h rainfall forecast in both the area and order of magnitude; (2) nudging rainwater contributes to a significant improvement of nowcast, and (3) the assimilation of radar-derived radial winds distinctly improves the 24-h rainfall forecast in both the area and order of magnitude. These results serve as significant technical reference for the study on short-term forecast and nowcast of precipitation over South China in the future.     

柴达木盆地西南区古近系及新近系砂岩储层

根据40余口钻井的岩石学资料,较系统地描述了柴达木盆地西南区古近系及新近系的砂岩储层特征：（1）砂岩储层的岩石（矿）成分在时空上呈现规律性的变化。在研究区东南和西北两侧,砂岩成分成熟度和结构成熟度均比中部地区明显偏低;从古近系到新近系,砂岩的成分成熟度和结构成熟度均逐渐降低,这与区域上由早到晚构造活动逐渐增强是一致的。砂岩储层岩石学的这种变化明显地影响到其储集性质,本区东南和西北两侧砂岩储层性质比中部地区变差即与此有关。（2）砂岩储层的孔隙类型以原生孔隙为主。前人大都认为本区砂岩储层的孔隙类型以次生孔隙为主,尤其是下干柴沟组,主要发育次生孔隙。本文认为古近系及新近系砂岩储层以原生孔隙为主,其次为胶结物溶孔和碎屑颗粒溶孔,次生孔隙仅在有限程度上改善了砂岩的储集性质。因此研究砂岩储层的原生孔隙的发育规律是比较重要的。（3）压实作用的差异是造成储集性质变化比较大的主要因素,其次为胶结作用。压实作用的大小受到埋藏深度和岩性的影响,也与储层所经历的埋藏方式有关。本区砂岩储层中的胶结物以方解石和硬石膏为主,也见少量方沸石。不同层段砂岩中的碳酸盐胶结物含量为4.0%～16.0%,局部地区硬石膏胶结物含量可达11.5%～28.0%,成为影响储集性质的主要因素。     

尤特台风登陆过程中眼区结构变化的分析研究

尤特台风在登陆珠江三角洲期间,借助珠江三角比较稠密的观测网对它在登陆过程中眼区及其附近结构的变化进行分析研究.综合使用时间分辨率为6 min的多普勒雷达CAPPI(Constant Altitude Plan Position Indicator)回波图、每小时CAPPI径向风、高时空分辨的静止气象卫星云图、SSM/I(Special Sensor Microwave/Imager)和常规观测等资料.雷达图上发现眼区及邻近地区多处存在着比较强的最长可达150 km左右的直线状回波,直线回波带上嵌有多个强的回波单体.经过分析研究,认为雷达图上的直线状回波现象,与台风内区涡旋结构的变异有关.考察静止卫星红外云图上螺旋云带的强烈弯曲和云带前端低TBB值的现象,以及分析探空资料计算出来的相对涡度分布,认为直线回波现象与台风内区非对称的涡旋结构演变有关,那些直线回波带的形成可能是与眼壁附近存在的涡度相对高值区的推进相联系的.最后作者就台风登陆过程中内区涡旋结构变异的问题作一些讨论,认为台风在登陆过程中相对比较容易发生结构变异,从而有可能导致在登陆过程中移速加快和出现强天气等现象.     

下投探空资料在台风莫拉克路径预报的应用试验

2009年8月7日中国大陆举行了首次利用机载下投式探空仪观测台风的试验,飞机在台风莫拉克与天鹅之间的云带相对稀薄区释放11个下投式探空仪。基于下投探空观测资料、常规探空资料和1°×1°分辨率的NCEP再分析资料,分析下投探空资料的可用性,并以下投探空资料初步分析了两台风间南海上空的风场、湿度场等大气特性;分别进行了有无以同化下投探空为初始场的GRAPES模式的模拟试验,以了解下投探空资料对台风莫拉克预报的影响作用。初步结论表明,台风天鹅与莫拉克之间的南海上空对流层中低层为深厚的西南气流,对流层低层及高层湿度小,中间层大;同化下投探空资料后,观测地区(下投探空点及其附近)800 hPa以下西南风减弱,以上加强,湿度中低层减小;有无同化下投探空资料的初值场差异随模式积分向下游传播,影响台风的环境场,改变了台风的引导气流:同化后500 hPa台风引导气流偏东、偏北分量加强,使台风的路径更接近实况路径,48 h台风路径预报误差比原来减少18%。     

热带气旋"黄蜂"动热力特征演变的模拟分析

以"中国登陆台风试验"项目的目标热带气旋"黄蜂"为对象,用高分辨数值模式成功模拟了其近海加强和登陆减弱的过程,从定量和时间演化角度细致分析了热带气旋(TC)各阶段的动、热力特征,包括对流加热特性、温湿结构、稳定度、涡散度、垂直运动、垂直环流、水平环流等基本动、热力因子的时空结构特征,揭示了该热带气旋的大量结构特点,如对流加热的强盛和非对称性、强热带风暴的无眼结构、低层的东暖西冷结构、涡度的准圆形对称结构、东/西侧环流正/斜压性的差异、低层辐合和上升运动的准周期振荡等等.这些结构特征的揭示对深入细致地研究和认识南海热带气旋的特点和演变机理具有重要学术意义.     

静止气象卫星反演海温及其分析技术方法的研究

用GMS5分裂窗通道和水汽通道的资料，以及船舶浮标站实测的海温资料进行反演海温和格点分析的试验研究。比较了三种不同的海温反演方法，其中用分裂窗通道资料并考虑削弱路径的方法，与用分裂窗通道资料并考虑水汽亮温的方法精度较好（平均约绝对误差分别为0．93℃和0．95℃）。文中还用递归滤波分析方法较好地解决了质量控制和客观分析的问题，分析出的格点场与实测海温分布基本一致。     

An Evaluation of Tropical Cyclone Genesis Forecast over the Western North Pacificand the South China Sea from the CMA-TRAMS

Tropical cyclone (TC) genesis forecasting is essential for daily operational practices during the typhoon season.The updated version of the Tropical Regional Atmosphere Model for the South China Sea (CMA-TRAMS) offersforecasters reliable numerical weather prediction (NWP) products with improved configurations and fine resolution. Whiletraditional evaluation of typhoon forecasts has focused on track and intensity, the increasing accuracy of TC genesisforecasts calls for more comprehensive evaluation methods to assess the reliability of these predictions. This study aims toevaluate the effectiveness of the CMA-TRAMS for cyclogenesis forecasts over the western North Pacific and South ChinaSea. Based on previous research and typhoon observation data over five years, a set of localized, objective criteria has beenproposed. The analysis results indicate that the CMA-TRAMS demonstrated superiority in cyclogenesis forecasts, pre dicting 6 out of 22 TCs with a forecast lead time of up to 144 h. Additionally, over 80% of the total could be predicted 72 hin advance. The model also showed an average TC genesis position error of 218.3 km, comparable to the track errors ofoperational models according to the annual evaluation. The study also briefly investigated the forecast of Noul (2011). Theforecast field of the CMA-TRAMS depicted thermal and dynamical conditions that could trigger typhoon genesis, con sistent with the analysis field. The 96-hour forecast field of the CMA-TRAMS displayed a relatively organized three dimensional structure of the typhoon. These results can enhance understanding of the mechanism behind typhoon genesis,fine-tune model configurations and dynamical frameworks, and provide reliable forecasts for forecasters.     

中国南海台风模式(TRAMS-v2.0)技术特点及其预报性能

中国南海台风模式(TRAMS)是基于GRAPES的非静力中尺度模式,采用半隐半拉格朗日时间差分方案,借助Helmholtz方程进行隐式求解,并在原模式的基础上,采用三维静力参考大气、非线性项分步计算、物理过程倾向隐式处理及与动力过程耦合等技术,形成新的模式动力过程计算方案。模式物理过程主要包括:长短波辐射、云微物理、湍流和深浅对流和海陆面等下垫面参数化方案,新版南海台风模式重点研发了海陆面参数化方案(SMS方案),改进了积云参数化方案(NSAS方案),并且引入地形重力波拖曳参数化方案(KA95方案)。预报模式的覆盖范围:81~161°E,0~51°N。水平格距为0.18°,垂直方向分65层,时间积分步长为100 s。2015年批量试验结果表明,新版南海台风模式预报性能稳定,误差较小,与EC全球模式同样本比较,发现短时效(如0~24 h)两模式台风路径预报误差水平基本相当,而较长时效(如48~72 h),南海台风模式的预报误差小于EC全球模式,具备较好的业务应用价值。     

海滩剖面形态与地形动态研究的进展

７０年代以来，伴随着计算机广泛使用，现场测量技术进步和海岸工程建设的需要，对海滩剖面的研究取得了长足的进展，本文着重论述了海滩平衡剖面模式，剖面时空变化的统计分析和剖面类型判定等方面的研究进展。     

CAPABILITIES AND LIMITATIONS OF GRAPES SIMULATIONS OF EXTREME PRECIPITATION IN THE WARM SECTOR OVER A COMPLEX OROGRAPHY

A comprehensive observational study on a warm sector torrential rain (WSTR) on 20 May 2016 over south China is presented with a pioneering examination of simulation capabilities based on the Global/Regional Assimilation and Prediction System for Tropical Mesoscale Model (GRAPES_TMM). The results show that the meso-scale convective boundary formed between north wind from mountainous areas and the south wind from plain regions as well as the cold outflows boundary both contribute to the convections over Xinyi, and the convections were blocked and stayed stagnant in the trumpet-shaped topography for about 8 hours which eventually caused the torrential rains. Comparative verifications of the observational studies by simulations showed that GRAPES_TMM had better estimations of large-scale frontal precipitation than the local warm-sector torrential rains. The simulations of local torrential rains in the warm sector showed strong biases in precipitation location and amount. GRAPES_TMM also showed overestimated surface winds and a faster moving speed bias, as well as an overall underestimation of the nocturnal surface temperature during the WSTR. This work may lead to several prospective researches of its model improvements on model physics such as land surface process and PBL parameterization.