数值预报产品统计释用技术在热带气旋路径客观预报中的应用

首先对应用数值预报产品统计释用技术的效果进行了统计,结果表明,数值预报产品统计释用技术的应用改善了热带气旋路径客观预报中预报因子的预报能力,提高了模式的预报技巧并拓展了有效预报时效。继而对热带气旋路径客观预报中若干统计释用技术问题进行了讨论,并指出：在应用数值预报产品构造热带气旋路径客观预报模式时,采用大样本资料和完全预报方法,细心构造反映各种天气系统特征和物理量场的预报因子,应用多时刻ＮＷＰ产品并对ＮＷＰ产品进行统计订正。对多种预报模式的预报结果进行综合集成等技术是提高预报技巧和稳定性的有效途径。     

热带气旋登陆华东的客观预报方案

热带所旋登陆华东属小概率事件。构造适当划分区间的阶梯函数能较好地反映登陆事件条件概率的非线性分布。应用阶梯函数变换的因子对登陆事件概率的预报性能优于线性相关的标准化因子。预报方案应用阶梯函数变换因子，通过非线性相关比筛选和REEP分析构造热带气旋登陆华东的预报模式。应用初始场资料与数值预报产品分别构造了统计－天气学、统计－气候学和统计－动力学的分类预报模式。应用分类预报模式的预报结果进行综合的预报集成提高了预报技巧。预报检验与试验表明本方案对热带气旋登陆华东具有一定的预报能力。     

A SIMILARITY SCHEME FOR QUANTITATIVE FORECAST OF PRECIPITATION OF TYPHOONS

A quantitative scheme is put forward in our work of forecasting the storm rainfall of typhoons for specific sites.Using the initial parameters,weather situations and physical quantities as well as numerical weather prediction products,the scheme constructs multivariate,objective and similarity criteria for environmental factors for the time between the current and forthcoming moment within the domain of forecast.Through defining a non-linear similarity index,this work presents a comprehensive assessment of the similarity between historical samples of typhoons and those being forecast in terms of continuous dynamic states under the multivariate criteria in order to identify similar samples.The historical rainfall records of the similar samples are used to run weighted summarization of the similarity index to determine site-specific and quantitative forecasts of future typhoon rainfall.Samples resembling the typhoon being forecast are selected by defining a non-linear similarity index composed of multiple criteria.Trial tests have demonstrated that this scheme has positive prediction skill.     

东海热带气旋登陆后转向入海问题的探讨

应用合成分析及相关分析方法研究了影响热带气旋登陆后转向入海路径趋势的若干因素,结果表明:登陆后转向入海路径趋势随时间和登陆地点的变化分布说明热带气旋登陆后路径仍受基本气流的引导和制约;热带气旋登陆时的惯性和地转力的变化对热带气旋登陆后的路径趋势有一定影响;环境场对热带气旋登陆后转向入海路径有较大影响,尤其对流层中层流场对登陆后的热带气旋的移动仍有明显的引导作用;中国东部至黄海区域是环境场影响热带气旋登陆后转向入海路径趋势的关键区,当区域内西北太平洋副热带高压加强西伸,西风槽北撤,则热带气旋登陆后在副高南侧东风气流引导下向内陆西行至消亡,当区域内副高减弱东退,西风槽南压,则热带气旋登陆后受副高西侧偏南气流与西风槽前西南气流引导转向入海;登陆后18—36h是转向入海路径趋势受环境场影响的敏感时段。     

中期(旬)天气客观相似预报方案

目前,中期数值天气预报的最长可用的预报时效约为6—7天,对中期数值预报输出产品进行统计释用的MOS,PP等方法制作的逐日具体天气预报的最长可用时效约为5—6天。要完全靠以上客观预报方法进行10天天气变化过程预报仍有待时日。为此,本文提出一个综合考虑中期数值天气预报输出产品及历史天气过程的旬天气客观相似预报方案。本方案用500 hPa候平均高度场在预报时刻前后连     

造雨的人们——人工降雨小史

人们在追溯人工降雨的历史时,发现人类求雨的念头在很早以前就产生了。可是,人们直到一九四六年才成功地进行了第一次人工降雨。远古时期,人们曾用种种办法来求雨,例如唱歌,吟诗念咒,焚烧奇特的东西以至宰杀生灵,被杀死祭天的不仅有各种动物,甚至包括人。长时间来,人们不知道雨究竟从何而来。后来,虽然早已知道海洋与湖泊表面的水蒸发,以水汽的形式进入大气层并成为大气的一个组成部份,水汽又在大气中凝结成云,雨从云中下落,然而,雨滴形成的机制     

AN OBJECTIVE PREDICTION SCHEME FOR TROPICAL CYCLONES MAKING LANDFALLS IN EASTERN CHINA

The landfall of tropical cyclones in the eastern part of China falls in the category of small probability events. Constructing a step function with intervals adequately divided can help reflect the non-linear distribution of conditional probability for a landfall event. For the prediction of landfall event probability, factors applying the step function in transformation are superior to the standardized factors that are linearly related. The prediction scheme discussed in the work uses transformation factors of step function to formulate prediction models for tropical cyclones making landfalls in eastern China, through screening with non-linear correlative ratios and REEP analysis. Classified models for statistic-synoptics, statistic -climatology and statistic-dynamics have been constructed using initial field data and numerical prediction output. Forecasting skills have been improved due to ensemble of predictions using these classified models. As shown in forecasting evaluations and experiments, the scheme is capable of predicting tropical cyclones that make landfalls in eastern China.     

AN IMPROVEMENT OF STATISTICAL PREDICTION OF TYPHOON TRACKS

In this paper, a statistical interpretation composite forecast model for typhoon track is set up by using numerical forecast products and several forecast schemes. Tested in 1994 typhoon season, its forecastperformance is much better than that of a previous statistical forecast model. The test shows that it is aneffective method that sufficiently Anproves objective forecast of typhoon track using the numerical forecast output products obtained in forecast and adopting several schemes in composition.     

台风路径统计预报的改进

应用数值预报产品并采用多种预报方案相结合建立了台风路径的统计释用综合预报模式，从而提高了台风路径预报的技巧。经１９９４年台风季节业务试用，其预报性能比原有的统计预报模式有较大的提高，试验表明，充分利用在预报时可得到的数值预报输出产品的采用多种方案集成是改进台风路径客观的有效途径。