THE TEMPORAL AND SPATIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF MOISTURE BUDGETS OVER ASIAN AND AUSTRALIAN MONSOON REGIONS

Apparent moisture sink and water vapor transport flux are calculated by using NCAR/NCEP reanalyzed daily data for water vapor and wind fields at various levels from 1980 to 1989. With the aid of EOF analysis method, temporal and spatial characteristics of moisture budgets over Asian and Australian monsoon regions are studied. The results show that there is apparent seasonal transition of moisture sink and water vapor transport between Asian monsoon region and Australian monsoon region. In winter, the Asian monsoon region is a moisture source, in which three cross-equatorial water vapor transport channels in the "continent bridge". at 80°E and 40°E ～ 50°E transport water vapor to the Australian monsoon region and southern Indian Ocean which are moisture sinks. In summer, Australian monsoon region and southern Indian Ocean are moisture sources and by the three cross-equatorial transport channels water vapor is transport to the Asian monsoon region which is a moisture sink. In spring and autumn, ITCZ is the main moisture sink and there is no apparent water vapor transport between Asian monsoon region and Australian monsoon region.     

中国南方春季大尺度大气水汽汇时空变化特征

用1958-2004年NCEP/NCAR再分析资料分析了中国南方春季大尺度大气水汽汇的时空变化特征。结果表明：华南中东部、广西北部-湖南西部-贵州东部地区是中国南方春季水汽汇的两个主要变异中心区。华南中东部春季水汽汇具有明显的年际和年代际变化特征,并以年代际方差占优;广西北部-湖南西部-贵州东部地区春季水汽汇以年际变化为主。华南中东部以及广西北部-湖南西部-贵州东部地区水汽汇的强度异常与东亚上空水汽输送异常导致上述地区垂直积分的水汽通量辐合的异常密切相关,当中国南方上空有西南（东北）风水汽通量距平,即西南风水汽输送增强（减弱）时,则上述地区上空的水汽汇偏强（偏弱）。     

INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY OF WINTER-TO-SPRING CIRCULATION TRANSITION OVER SOUTHERN CHINA AND ITS SURROUNDING AREAS AND MECHANISMS

The climatological features and interannual variation of winter-to-spring transition over southern China and its surrounding areas, and its possible mechanisms are examined in this study. The climatological mean winter-to-spring transition is approximately in mid-March over southern China and the northern South China Sea. During the transition stage, anomalous southwest winds prevail at low-level over southern China and its nearby regions with enhanced convergence center over southern China, bringing more moisture from the Bay of Bengal (BOB) and the South China Sea (SCS) to southern China; meanwhile, the upper level is characterized by an obvious divergence wind pattern over southern China to the southwest part of Japan and enhanced upward motion. All the change of circulation is favorable to an increase of precipitation over southern China after seasonal transition. The winter-to-spring transition is predominantly on the interannual variation over southern China and the northern SCS. Early winter-to-spring transitions may induce more precipitation over southern China in spring, especially in March, while late cases will result in less precipitation. The interannual variability of the winter-to-spring transition and the related large-scale circulation are closely associated with the decaying phase of ENSO events. The warm ENSO events contribute to early winter-to-spring transitions and more precipitation over southern China.     

亚洲季风区感热凝结潜热对副高带季节演变的影响

利用1958-1998年NCEP／NCAR的逐日再分析资料,探讨了亚洲夏季风建立期间感热、凝结潜热和副高带季节演变的气候特征,并重点分析它们相互耦合的特征。结果表明：亚洲季风区的地表感热、凝结潜热影响印缅槽生成和阿拉伯副高西移的机制是相似的,5月初,印度半岛较强的感热通量和中南半岛较强的凝结潜热共同影响副高带的断裂及印缅槽的生成,5月底-6月上旬阿拉伯半岛较大的感热通量和印度半岛西侧较强的凝结潜热有利于阿拉伯副高的西移。     

华南秋旱的大气环流异常特征

利用实测降水量资料及NCEP再分析资料, 通过统计方法分析了华南秋旱及其相关的环流异常特征。结果发现, 华南秋旱以全区性的干旱出现居多。华南秋旱事件对应的同期海温异常分布型大致可分两类。一类是热带中东太平洋的负海表温度距平 (SSTA) 区的极值中心位于赤道东太平洋, 在海洋性大陆和热带西太平洋有马蹄形的正SSTA, 而在热带西印度洋, 南海至日本东、 南部西北太平洋是负SSTA; 另一类是热带中东太平洋正SSTA极值中心位于赤道中太平洋, 热带—副热带西太平洋、 南海和热带印度洋为负SSTA区, 副热带北太平洋东部和南太平洋东部为显著的正SSTA。 与第一类SSTA相关的华南秋旱与海洋性大陆区域上空的上升运动异常增强 (与其下垫面海温异常偏暖有关)。而与第二类SSTA相关的华南秋旱则与中纬度环流的长波调整造成的东北亚上空的异常上升运动距平有关。而两类华南秋旱都是通过大气环流对华南地区的异常下沉运动产生强迫作用而产生的。另外, 华南秋旱还与菲律宾和台湾东侧洋面上空出现上升运动距平有关。两类华南秋旱都与南海中北部热带气旋频数偏少, 菲律宾和台湾东侧热带气旋频数偏多有关, 因此, 使得登陆华南的热带气旋偏少, 导致华南秋季干旱。     

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE 30 TO 60 DAY OSCILLATION OF ATMOSPHERIC HEAT SOURCE AND THE DROUGHT AND FLOOD EVENTS IN JUNE IN THE SOUTH OF CHINA

Based on the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data and the observed precipitation data in the south of China from 1958 to 2000,the impact of 30 to 60 day oscillation of atmospheric heat sources on the drought and flood events in June in the south of China is discussed.During the flood(drought) events,there exists an anomalous low-frequency anticyclone(cyclone) at the low level of the troposphere over the South China Sea and the northwestern Pacific,accompanied with anomalous low-frequency heat sinks(heat sources),while there exists an anomalous low-frequency cyclone(anticyclone) with anomalous heat sources(sinks) over the area from the south of China to the south of Japan.On average,the phase evolution of the low-frequency in drought events is 7 to 11 days ahead of that in flood events in May to June in the south of China.In flood events,low-frequency heat sources and cyclones are propagated northward from the southern South China Sea,northwestward from the warm pool of the western Pacific and westward from the northwestern Pacific around 140°E,which have very important impact on the abundant rainfall in June in the south of China.However,in drought events,the northward propagations of the low-frequency heat sources and cyclones from the South China Sea and its vicinity are rather late compared with those in flood events,and there is no obvious westward propagation of the heat sources from the northwestern Pacific.The timing of the low-frequency heat source propagation has remarkable impact on the June rainfall in the south of China.     

青藏高原地面加热场日变化对亚洲季风区大气环流的影响

利用1982-1996年每天两次的NCEP丙分析资料，研究青藏高原地面加热场的日变化对亚洲季风区环流的影响。结果表明；青藏高原地面加热场的日变化是引起亚洲季风区大气环流日变化的主要因子，青藏高原地区，阿拉伯海，盂加拉湾和菲律宾附近地区是四个主要的日变化显著区，青藏高原地区是垂直运动的负值日变化中心，其它三个区域的日变化与青藏高原地区的日变化有反相关系，这种特征一年四季都存在，但各显著区域范围的大小，中心位置及环流日变化的强度随季节有不同程度的变化，青藏高原加热场日变化对我国东部地区环流的影响主要发生在夏季。     

1998年5～8月青藏高原东部和邻近地区大气热源日变化特征及其与高原环流的关系

利用1998年5－8月“南海季风试验”期间观测站的探空及地面资料，计算并分析了高原及邻近地区大尺度大气热源和水汽汇的日变化特征及其与高原环流的关系。初步结果表明：中南半岛－高原东部的大气热源在早上弱，傍晚较强；南海北部－华南－华中的热源在早上强，傍晚弱。水汽汇的日变化与热源基本相似。傍晚高原东部上升运动明显增强，高原及其南侧的局地经向季风环流增强；高原东部下游地区傍晚的上升运动减弱或变为下沉，形成一个西升东降的局地日变热力纬向环流。1998年夏季长江中偏上游的致洪暴雨和华南的降水主要集中在夜间至午后。     

粤西北霜冻天气的气候统计特征

统计分析粤西北1964～2006年霜日、初终霜期的多年平均特征,以及霜、冰日形成期间的典型气象要素场特征。结果表明:粤西北年霜日从高纬向低纬呈逐渐减少的趋势,年霜日主要集中在12月和1月;初霜日由北向南推迟,而终霜日则相反;霜形成过程中有90%以上02:00晴空无云,地表最低温度为-1.9～2.0℃;结冰过程,地表最低温度为-5.9～0℃;霜、冰形成过程中,静风情况下,08:00相对湿度高于非静风情况。     

INTERANNUAL AND INTERDECADAL VARIATIONS OF LARGE-SCALE MOISTURE SINKS OVER GUANGDONG

The interannual and interdecadal variations of moisture sinks over Guangdong are discussed with the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data and observed precipitation data from 1958 to 2004. The results indicate that climatically, the amount of precipitation is larger than that of evaporation in spring and summer.Precipitation and evaporation almost balance each other in autumn and the amount of evaporation is larger than that of precipitation in winter. The interannual signal dominates the variations of moisture sinks in all seasons in Guangdong with a period of three-year oscillation in autumn and winter. Remarkable interdecadal signal characterized by a period of three-decade oscillation can be identified for winter and spring from seasonally averaged moisture sink data and from annually moisture data, with variance percentage larger than 40%. This result indicates that Guangdong is at a transitional stage from positive anomalies to negative anomalies. The moisture sink anomalies in winter and following spring over Guangdong are usually in-phase. Besides, there exist periodic oscillations with periods of 10 to 15 years in summer and autumn. The positive (negative) anomalies of moisture sinks over Guangdong are due to the intensified (weakened) moisture from the tropical areas being transported to the Southern China, accompanied by an intensified (weakened) moisture convergence.