北极夏季海冰反照率的观测和数值模拟试验

在中国第3次北极科学考察浮冰站开展了积雪/海冰反照率观测.本文对观测结果进行了分析,并结合一维高分辨雪/冰模式(HIGHTSI)对3个常用的反照率参数化方案在天气尺度的表现进行了评估.观测期间测站反照率变化范围0.75～0.85,其天气尺度变化同天气和表面冰、雪状况紧密相关,降雪和吹雪过程可改变表面积雪厚度及水平分布,...     

Snow water content estimation from measured snow temperature

The vertical temperature profiles of snow and sea ice have been measured in the Arctic during the 2nd Chinese National Arctic Research Expedition in 2003(CHINARE2003).The high-resolution temperature profile in snow is solved by one-dimensional heat transfer equation.The effective heat diffusivity,internal heat sources are identified.The internal heat source refers to the penetrated solar radiation which usually warms the lower part of the snow layer in summer.By temperature gradient analysis,the zero level can be clarified quantitatively as the boundary of the dry and wet snow.According to the in situ time series of vertical temperature profile,the time series of water content in snow is obtained based on an evaluation method of snow water content associated with the snow and ice physical parameters.The relationship of snow water content and snow temperature and temporal-spatial distribution of snow water content are presented     

Analyses of structure of planetary boundary layer in ice camp over Arctic ocean

The vertical structure of Planetary boundary layer over Arctic floating ice is presented by using about 50 atmospheric profiles and relevant data sounded at an ice station over Arctic Ocean from 22 August to 3 September,2003.It shows that the height of the convective boundary layer in day is greater than that of the stability boundary layer in night.The boundary layer can be described as vertical structures of stability,instability and multipling The interaction between relative warm and wet down draft air from up level and cool air of surface layer is significant,which causes stronger wind shear,temperature and humidity inversion with typical wind shear of 10 m/s/100 m,intensity of temperature inversion of 8 ℃/100 m.While the larger pack ice is broken by such process,new ice free area in the high latitudes of arctic ocean.The interactions between air/ice/water are enhanced.The fact helps to understanding characteristics of atmospheric boundary layer and its effect in Arctic floating ice region.     

干旱区尾矿污染环境的植物修复技术研究进展

干旱区矿业废弃地（尤其是尾矿及其污染环境）的治理面临着水资源短缺、土壤贫瘠、盐碱化、植物资源相对匮乏等不利因素的制约,很大程度上阻碍了该区域的生态恢复进程。基于目前国内外在干旱区尾矿污染环境治理方面所开展的研究,本文从植物修复的理论及技术方面进行了初步的综述,重点对比分析了植物提取技术和植物固定技术的优势和不足,并对相关典型应用实例进行了分析评价,最后对国内干旱区尾矿污染环境的治理研究和技术给出建议。     

采动影响区被保护煤层渗透率分布规律

为了更好地进行采动影响区被保护煤层瓦斯抽采工作,以淮南矿区某矿某工作面为例,使用物理相似模拟、FLAC3D数值模拟、采动区渗透率历史拟合等方法,探讨上部被保护煤层采动影响范围及渗透率变化规律。结果表明:被保护煤层有着明确的区域划分,走向剖面工作面前方卸压区长约20 m,工作面后方卸压区长约30 m,裂隙张开区长约30 m,裂隙张开区之后为重新压实区;明确了各区域的渗透率变化范围,工作面前、后方卸压区渗透率为（150~250）×10-3 μm2,裂隙张开区渗透率为（400~800）×10-3 μm2,重新压实区渗透率为（15~100）×10-3 μm2,采动区被保护煤层渗透率在采动过后,较原始渗透率增大32~1 600倍。      

页岩油岩心样品洗油实验效率对比分析

页岩储层中的裂缝和微纳米级孔隙是页岩油的主要赋存空间。岩心样品高效无损洗油是页岩孔隙结构表征和页岩油赋存研究的关键,但是目前的实验方案并不统一。通过调研总结常用的洗油方法,针对现行广泛使用的浸泡抽提法、快速萃取法以及气驱+索氏抽提法对大港油田沧东凹陷孔二段页岩(块样,1 cm×1 cm×1 cm)进行洗油测试,利用Rock-Eval 热解仪和气相色谱仪对洗油前后的样品以及萃取出的可溶有机质进行了实验效果对比和三种方法之间的优劣性分析。研究结果表明,随着实验时间的延长萃取物中重烃含量逐渐增加,且低孔低渗的页岩岩心在常温常压下难以达到理想的洗油效果。升温和增压可以提高洗油效率,但长时间的高温作用会使部分重烃和吸附组分裂解,当裂解的速度大于轻烃组分被萃取的速度时,S₁值会出现随着洗油时间上升的现象;合适的压力条件可以有效促进洗油速率,但如果条件控制不好会造成样品破碎或者内部孔隙被破坏。建议在洗油过程中采用较低的压力、常温或者稍微加温以加快实验速度,驱替法和抽提法结合会有更好的效果。     

基于MODIS热红外数据的渤海海冰厚度反演

Level ice thickness distribution pattern in the Bohai Sea in the winter of 2009–2010 was investigated in this paper using MODIS night-time thermal infrared imagery.The cloud cover in the imagery was masked out manually.Level ice thickness was calculated using MODIS ice surface temperature and an ice surface heat balance equation.Weather forcing data was from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ECMWF) analyses.The retrieved ice thickness agreed reasonable well with in situ observations from two off-shore oil platforms.The overall bias and the root mean square error of the MODIS ice thickness are –1.4 cm and 3.9 cm,respectively.The MODIS results under cold conditions(air temperature –10°C) also agree with the estimated ice growth from Lebedev and Zubov models.The MODIS ice thickness is sensitive to the changes of the sea ice and air temperature,in particular when the sea ice is relatively thin.It is less sensitive to the wind speed.Our method is feasible for the Bohai Sea operational ice thickness analyses during cold freezing seasons.     

雷达资料在雷电临近预警中的应用研究

为了寻求济南地区地闪发生的临近预警指标,综合利用多普勒雷达资料、闪电定位和探空资料,对2009年7~8月和2010年6月距离齐河雷达站200km范围内的41个对流云团进行统计分析,重点是统计分析了闪电发生前的雷达回波参量特征值。初步的研究结果表明:对于该地区单独使用雷达反射率而言,最好的预警指标是在-10℃高度上出现40dBz的反射率阈值,使用这种方法的预警准确率是96%、虚警率是14%、临界成功指数是83%、平均预警时间是21min。在考虑雷达反射率的基础上再考虑最大回波顶高(≥10km)和垂直液态水含量(≥8.5kg.m-2)预警指标时,能有效降低虚假报警率和提高临界成功指数,此时选取的雷达反射率指标是在-20℃高度上出现25dBz的反射率阈值。     

中国大陆“十字构造”形成演化及其大陆动力学意义

东亚大陆是由许多分别亲劳亚或亲冈瓦纳的中小陆块经过复杂拼合而成的最为复杂的大陆,而中国大陆地处东亚的核心位置,是研究东亚大陆形成演化的关键。控制中国大陆形成演化的最主要的构造格架是"十字构造",即东西向的中央造山系和南北向的贺兰-川滇南北构造带。前者自东而西包括秦岭造山带、祁连造山带和昆仑造山带,是南方和北方陆块群历经古生代-印支期拼合形成中国大陆主体的构造结合带,并遭受中新生代陆内造山改造,构成了中国大陆地质地理、生态环境、人文经济等南北分野;后者不同区段继承了前寒武纪板块构造记录,逐步转化为古亚洲洋或古特提斯构造域大陆边缘,尤其是新特提斯构造运动,形成青藏高原隆升-扩展变形的东部边界,控制了晚中生代-新生代中国大陆东西反转演化。以"十字构造"为坐标系,中国大陆四个象限的地质、地球物理结构、自然资源、生态环境、人文经济等存在明显差异。      

古海洋微量元素地球化学演化:对关键地质事件研究的启发

古海洋微量元素地球化学循环、沉积环境和生物发育之间发生着复杂的相互作用,对重要地质事件具有指示意义。为加深对这一领域的认识,本文综述了微量元素在古环境重建及在关键地质事件的地球化学应用研究进展。以我国华南地区震旦系-下寒武统为例,阐述了关键地质事件时期古海洋中微量元素变化、沉积环境演变和生物演化之间的协同机制。指出今后值得进一步从微量元素同位素以及不同盆地乃至全球尺度上对比探讨震旦系-早寒武世沉积地层中微量元素分布特征及其在寒武纪生物大爆发中的响应。