全球下地幔波速异常结构综述

下地幔体积占地球总体积50%以上,对地球的演化具有重要的影响.早期研究认为下地幔的组分比较均一,但1970年代以来,地震层析成像揭示了地球的深部速度结构,发现下地幔存在很多复杂的波速异常区.进入21世纪以后,台阵数据的积累和计算机技术的进步使我们能够进一步约束这些下地幔波速异常区的空间范围和波速结构,由于这些异常结构通常与俯冲板片和地幔柱等有紧密的联系,了解这些波速异常体的精细结构对于古板块的重建和地幔动力学有重要的意义.本文重点总结了近30年以来利用地震数据研究下地幔异常体的方法和结果,详细地描述了不同类型的波速异常区在全球范围内的分布情况及其特征,并逐一分析了不同类型波速异常构造体的成因.下地幔LLSVP主要有两个,分别是非洲LLSVP和太平洋LLSVP,它们在横向上可扩展至数千千米,垂直方向上从核幔边界的高度超过1 000 km.现在观测结果发现LLSVP边界处的速度突变较大,主流的观点认为含有成分异常的热化学作用形成了LLSVP. ULVZ位于下地幔底部,其横向扩展大部分小于1 000 km,但部分ULVZ的范围可以超过1 000 km,高度仅为十几到几十千米,相应的S波速度异...     

中国大陆活动地块边界带主要断层的强震震间晚期综合判定

由于中国大陆强震主要分布在活动地块边界带上,所以活动地块边界带主要断层成为我国大陆型强震研究的重要目标,各强震孕育阶段的判定是大陆型强震原地复发的动力学过程研究主要内容,而目标断层是否处于震间晚期也是强震时间预测的重要研究基础.虽然地震短临预测仍存在诸多科学难题,但最近20年来全球若干强震相关研究表明,如果放宽预测时间尺度的要求,有些方法也可用于强震震间晚期的判定.本文以中国大陆活动地块边界带的391条断层段为研究目标,利用地震地质的强震破裂空段、大地测量的断层运动闭锁段、地震活动的中小地震稀疏段、数值模拟的库仑应力增强显著段等方法,综合判定中国大陆活动地块边界带可能处于震间晚期的主要断层段.本文结果仅是初步结果,该结果的可靠程度有赖于监测条件,其科学性有赖于大陆型强震孕育发生动力学过程的认识水平,虽然本文尝试给出中国大陆活动地块边界带主要断层的震间晚期判定结果,但其结果可靠程度、精细程度等均存在巨大的改善空间.最后,从断层孕震阶段判定需求的角度,本文尝试给出大陆型震源物理模型的具体基础模型,期望起到抛砖引玉的作用,也期望更多地震学家关注大陆型强震的物理机制及其预测基础研究.     

构造-岩浆作用对热液活动的控制机理: 马努斯海盆为例

综述了马努斯海盆热液区构造特征、基底差异, 结合马努斯海盆热液区热液活动与构造-岩浆特征, 探讨了二者的耦合关系, 以及构造-岩浆作用对热液活动的影响和控制。马努斯海盆位于西南太平洋俾斯麦海的东北部, 是世界上扩张速度最快的海盆之一。马努斯海盆西部(马努斯扩张中心, Manus Spreading Center, MSC)主要由海盆扩张成熟期产生的大洋中脊玄武岩组成, 属于成熟弧后扩张中心,发育Vienna Woods热液区; 海盆东部(东南裂谷, Southeast Rift, SER)则是一个拉张裂谷, 处于扩张的早期阶段, 属于不成熟弧后扩张中心, 发育PACMANUS、DESMOS、SuSu Knolls三大热液区。MSC与大洋中脊的热液活动相似, 而SER因受到火山、俯冲作用影响更为显著, 其热液流体具有岩浆流体和俯冲流体的特征。与Vienna Woods热液压相比, PACMANUS、DESMOS以及SuSu Knolls三个热液区的水深相对较浅(1 150～1 740 m), 是地球内部热物质由内向外迁移的结果, 其下部岩浆作用强烈。此外,岩浆脱气作用和数值模拟结果表明, PACMANUS热液系统中具有岩浆流体的输入。与Vienna Woods热液区相比, PACMANUS、DESMOS、SuSu Knolls热液区的热液活动强度及流体组成主要受控于岩浆作用。     

Smectite formation in metalliferous sediments near the East Pacific Rise at 13°N

A 43 cm long E271 sediment core collected near the East Pacific Rise(EPR) at 13°N were studied to investigate the origin of smectite for understanding better the geochemical behavior of hydrothermal material after deposition.E271 sediments are typical metalliferous sediments. After removal of organic matter, carbonate, biogenic opal,and Fe-Mn oxide by a series of chemical procedures, clay minerals(2 μm) were investigated by X-ray diffraction,chemical analysis and Si isotope analysis. Due to the influence of seafloor hydrothermal activity and close to continent, the sources of clay minerals are complex. Illite, chlorite and kaolinite are suggested to be transported from either North or Central America by rivers or winds, but smectite is authigenic. It is enriched in iron, and its contents are highest in clay minerals. Data show that smectite is most likely formed by the reaction of hydrothermal Fe-oxyhydroxide with silica and seawater in metalliferous sediments. The Si that participates in this reaction may be derived from siliceous microfossils(diatoms or radiolarians), hydrothermal fluids, or detrital mineral phases. And their δ30 Si values are higher than those of authigenic smectites, which implies that a Si isotope fractionation occurs during the formation because of the selective absorption of light Si isotopes onto Feoxyhydroxides. Sm/Fe mass ratios(a proxy for overall REE/Fe ratio) in E271 clay minerals are lower than those in metalliferous sediments, as well as distal hydrothermal plume particles and terrigenous clay minerals. This result suggests that some REE are lost during the smectite formation, perhaps because their large ionic radii of REE scavenged by Fe-oxyhydroxides preclude substitution in either tetrahedral or octahedral lattice sites of this mineral structure, which decreases the value of metalliferous sediments as a potential resource for REE.     

东太平洋海隆13°N表层含金属沉积物物质组成与元素赋存状态

为了解不同类型含金属沉积物在物质组成和元素赋存状态的差异,对东太平洋海隆13°N洋中脊两侧表层含金属沉积物(站号:E271和E53)进行了矿物学、地球化学分析,顺序提取实验,并与前人对轴部表层沉积物(站号:17A-EPR-TVG1)的研究结果作了对比分析。研究结果表明, E271和E53是远端含金属沉积物,由非浮力热液羽状流中颗粒物沉降所形成的;17A-EPR-TVG1沉积物是近喷口含金属沉积物,由黑烟囱或者热液硫化物丘状体崩塌、堆积,或者由热液羽状流中Fe-Mn氧化物和硫化物快速沉淀而形成的,近喷口沉积物比远端沉积物更富集Fe、Cu和Zn等元素。元素在两种含金属沉积物中的赋存状态基本相同,除了Fe,Cu,Zn,Mo和稀土元素(REE)等元素在远端沉积物中主要存在于Fe-Mn氧化物相,在近喷口沉积物中主要在残留相中。远端沉积物中REE页岩标准化配分模式与海水相似,表明REE主要来自海水,而近喷口沉积物中REE配分模式与热液流体相似,说明REE以高温热液流体来源为主。相关研究结果加深了对热液沉积作用研究的认识。     

通衢广陌天地宽

正俯瞰中华大地,繁华的都市、喧闹的城镇、静谧的乡村……如同一颗颗散落的珍珠,而纵横交织的道路就像那精美的珠链,连接城市与农村,沟通梦想与现实,贯穿昨天与未来。从孤悬绝壁的秦蜀云栈,到通达四海的大秦驰道;从驼铃悠悠的丝绸之路,到马蹄阵阵的皇家驿道,陆地交通改变着人们的生存空间,深刻影响着五千年华夏文明的历史进程。     

“漫话土地”之二十七 地载万物鸟兽栖

正辽阔的平原、险峻的山岭、蜿蜒的河谷、茂密的森林、浩瀚的草原……中华大地幅员辽阔、物华天宝,万物生灵相依相伴、互惠互生,共同奏响一曲波澜壮阔的生命之歌。"植物斯生,动物斯止。"从创世神话到部落传说,从民族图腾到宗庙祭祀,从游牧渔猎到农耕家畜,从土木建筑到衣冠纹饰,动物文化伴随着华夏文明,走过悠悠五千年岁月历程。地载万物,生生不息自上古神话到民间传说,动物便是人类从未离开的伙伴。女娲拈土造物,相传也是初一造鸡、初二造狗、初三造猪、初四造羊、初五造牛、初六造马,初七     

辽宁省国土空间规划编制回顾及未来规划编制的思考

正按照中央部署,新组建的自然资源部,统一行使全民所有自然资源资产所有者职责,统一行使所有国土空间用途管制和生态保护修复职责,着力解决自然资源所有者不到位、空间规划重叠等问题,实现山水林田湖草整体保护、系统修复、综合治理。机构改革方案中确定将发改委的组织编制主体功能区规划职责,住建部的城乡规划管理职责被整合进自然资源部。此前,国土规划、城市规划、主体功能区规划分别由国土部、住建部、国家     

Size-dependent responses of zooplankton to submerged macrophyte restoration in a subtropical shallow lake

To explore the size-dependent responses of zooplankton to submerged macrophyte restoration, we collected macrophyte, zooplankton and water quality samples seasonally from a subtropical shallow lake from 2010 to 2012. Special attention was given to changes in rotifers and crustaceans(cladocerans and copepods). The rotifers were grouped into three size classes(200 μm, 200 μm–400 μm, 400 μm) to explore their size-related responses to macrophyte restoration. The results showed that during the restoration, the annual mean biomass and macrophyte coverage increased significantly from 0 to 637 g/m~2 and 0 to 27%, respectively. In response, the density and biomass of crustaceans and the crustacean-to-rotifer ratio increased significantly, while the rotifer density decreased significantly. Moreover, rotifers showed significant sizedependent responses to macrophyte restoration. Specially, rotifers 400 μm were significantly suppressed, while those ≥400 μm were significantly encouraged. Overall, the population of large-sized zooplankton tended to boom, while that of small rotifers was inhibited during macrophyte restoration. Redundancy analysis(RDA) revealed positive correlations between macrophytes and crustaceans, rotifers and COD or Chl-a, but negative correlations between macrophytes and COD or Chl-a, and between crustaceans and Chl-a. Moreover, the results indicate that increased predation on phytoplankton by large-sized zooplankton might be an important mechanism for macrophyte restoration during development of aquatic ecosystems, and that this mechanism played a very important role in promoting the formation of a clear-water state in subtropical shallow lakes.     

48ka以来日本海Ulleung海盆南部的海洋沉积环境演化

晚第四纪以来伴随底层水含氧量的剧烈变化,浅色和深色沉积层的交替出现是日本海半远洋沉积物的主要特征。沉积特征分析表明,日本海Ulleung海盆南部KCES1孔的沉积物具有四种不同的沉积构造:均质、纹层、纹层状和混杂构造。深色沉积层一般具有纹层和纹层状构造,并且与我国内陆的千年尺度东亚夏季风强弱变化记录有很好的对应关系,表明纹层沉积物也具有千年尺度的变化规律,从而进一步说明了冰川性海平面变化和东亚夏季风波动应该是Ulleung海盆南部底层水溶解氧含量变化的主要原因。在暖期,在东亚夏季风降水相对增强的影响下,低温、低盐的东海沿岸水对日本海表层水体的贡献要大于对马暖流的贡献,日本海水体间的交换减弱,最终造成缺氧的海底沉积环境。在冷期,夏季风强度的减弱(冬季风增强)加快了日本海西北部深层水的生成,Ulleung海盆南部的底层水含氧量高,相应地沉积了具均质构造的浅色沉积物;在末次盛冰期最低海平面时,日本海成为一个封闭的海盆,降雨量高于蒸发量,水体出现分层,底层水处于停滞缺氧状态。自距今17.5 ka(日历年,下同)以来底层水含氧量较高,对马暖流逐渐成为影响日本海海洋沉积环境的主要因素。Ulleung海盆南部底层水的含氧量在YD期间有一定程度的降低,东海沿岸水的短暂强盛制约了深层水的流通。自距今10.5 ka以来对马暖流强盛,日本海海底处于富氧的沉积环境。