Ecological effects of co-culturing the sea cucumber <Emphasis Type="Italic">Apostichopus japonicus</Emphasis> with the Chinese white shrimp <Emphasis Type="Italic">Fenneropenaeus chinensis</Emphasis> in an earthen pond

Using net enclosures in an earthen pond, we established three culture treatments with the sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus and the Chinese white shrimp Fenneropenaeus chinensis: monoculture of sea cucumbers (C), monoculture of shrimp (S), and co-culture of the two species (CS). We measured levels of suspended particulate matter in the water column; total organic matter, total organic carbon, total nitrogen, and carbon/nitrogen ratios in both settling particles and the sediment; and chlorophyll a levels in the sediment. We then compared these variables between the three treatments. We also examined growth, survival, and yield of the two species in the different treatments. From June to September, the mean monthly suspended particulate matter sedimentation rates in the CS and S treatments were significantly (P<0.05) greater than those in the C treatment. From August to November, the mean monthly total organic matter, total organic carbon, total nitrogen, and chlorophyll a contents in the sediment in the CS and S treatments were significantly ( P <0.05) greater than those in the C treatment. Final wet weight, specific growth rate, survival rate, and total yield of sea cucumbers in co-culture were all significantly greater than those of sea cucumbers in monoculture. There were no significant differences among any of these variables for shrimp reared in the two systems. The bioturbation of the sediment and fecal production of the shrimp likely supplied natural food for the sea cucumbers. Co-culture of the two species is a viable option for increasing yield per unit area, maximizing use of the water body, and diversifying crop production.     

一种池塘陆基实验围隔

该陆基围隔适用于池塘养殖学与生态学研究。围隔面积为２５ｍ２（５ｍ×５ｍ）,水面以上超高０．３～０．５ｍ,水深１．５～１．８ｍ,容积３７．５～４５ｍ３。以木桩及青竹构成支架;以涂塑高密度聚乙烯编织布为隔水材料（围隔幔）,将其包围并固定在支架上。因围隔内受风力影响较小,为了模拟池塘水的混合状况,围隔中设１台９０Ｗ的微型电动搅水机。４年（１９９４～１９９７）的使用结果表明围隔效果良好,其中的生态系发育与运行正常,放养的养殖生物生长良好。专门的观测证明空白围隔与设置围隔的空白池塘理化条件的数值和变动都基本一致。研究结果证明,此种围隔完全可以替代池塘用于养殖学与生态学方面的实验研究,不失为一种有效、经济而方便的科学研究设施。     

两株低温益生菌的包埋法固定化技术初步研究

本研究以聚乙烯醇(PVA)和海藻酸钠(SA)为包埋载体,并添加沸石粉、碳源,对2株分离自刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)养殖池塘的有机物降解菌(菌株编号分别为CD、DB11)的包埋法固定化技术进行了初步研究,并比较了固定化后有机物降解菌及不同形式细菌制剂对主要水质参数的降解效果。结果表明,固定化小球在添加碳源后能显著提高菌体对COD、NH_4~+-N和NO_2~--N的降解率(P0.05)。在本研究条件下,可溶性淀粉、细菌数量和沸石粉比例分别为12.5%、10~9cfu/g、1.5%时,固定化菌株CD对氨氮的降解率最高。与游离复合菌体相比,固定化复合菌对COD、NH_4~+-N和NO_2~--N的降解率分别达到了62.4%、65.5%、62.2%,降解率则分别提高了17.5%、13.0%和12.8%。向养殖废水中添加沸石粉吸附的菌剂后,对COD、NH_4~+-N、NO_2~--N的降解率分别提高了11.03%、8.89%、17.5%,添加固定化微生物小球菌剂后,对COD、NH_4~+-N、NO_2~--N的降解率分别提高了14.92%、18.54%和16.53%。因此,以PVA、SA作为载体添加沸石粉和碳源对菌体进行包埋的技术在刺参池塘养殖的水质和底质环境修复实践中可能具有较大的应用价值。     

虾蟹池塘有机物降解菌富集驯化与分离筛选的初步研究

采集虾蟹混养池塘沉积物,利用特定饵料培养基,并通过定期增加培养基中饵料添加量的方式,对沉积物中的复合菌进行了6个周期(7d/周期)的富集驯化培养。在COD含量约为1 000mg/L、菌接种量为10%的饵料降解溶液中,后期复合菌在5d内对COD的最大去除率分别达到了64%、70%和88%。在6个周期富集驯化结束后,从复合菌中分离出16株菌,经16S rRNA分析,其中8株属于弧菌属(vibrio sp.),1株属于芽孢杆菌目(Bacillales sp.),2株属于芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus sp.),2株属于交替假单胞菌属(Pseudoalteromonas sp.),1株属于气单胞菌属(Aeromonas sp.),1株属于希瓦氏菌属(Shewanella sp.)。经血平板初步筛选出4株不具潜在致病性的菌,1株属于芽孢杆菌目,1株为巨大芽孢杆菌(Bacillus megaterium),2株为交替假单胞菌,在菌接种量为1.0×10~7cfu/mL的降解溶液中,各株菌在5d内对COD的最大去除率分别达到了40%、40%、56%和46%。将这4株菌按一定比例组合后,在5d内对COD的最大去除率可达到72%。研究表明,经富集驯化后的复合菌及从中分离筛选出的4株不具潜在致病性的细菌及按一定比例重组后的菌在调控养殖环境有机物污染方面都具有潜在应用价值。     

不同盐度驯化方式对小鲟鳇(Huso huso)(♀)×(Acipenser ruthenus)(♂)生长及渗透生理的影响

本研究以小鲟鳇幼鱼为研究对象,对比了不同驯化方式(即从淡水开始,盐度分别突变0,5,10和15,然后每天增加盐度1,分别表示为T0、T5、T10和T15)对其生长性能、血浆渗透压、鳃丝Na~+/K~+-ATP酶活性以及血糖、血清主要金属离子和氯离子浓度等的影响。从驯化至盐度28得到的结果表明,各处理小鲟鳇存活率差异不显著(P0.05);T0和T5处理的特定生长率差异不大,但显著高于T15和T10处理(P0.05);各处理血浆渗透压显著高于驯化前,但相互之间差异不显著;各处理小鲟鳇鳃丝Na~+/K~+-ATP酶活力均明显升高,但T15处理的鳃丝Na~+/K~+-ATP酶活力显著低于其它处理(P0.05);各处理小鲟鳇血糖含量均低于驯化前水平,但相互之间差异不大(P0.05);与在淡水中相比,盐度突变幅度最大的处理(T15)的小鲟鳇在驯化过程中血清Na~+、K~+、Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)和Cl~-浓度显著上升。除Na~+和Cl~-浓度变化趋势相同外,其它离子浓度的变化规律性不强。综合比较表明,小鲟鳇对较高的盐度及其突变耐受性较差,而从淡水向海水驯化时,盐度为5的突变幅度可能对小鲟鳇比较适宜。     

草鱼、鲢鱼和鲤鱼混养池塘中浮游生物和悬浮颗粒物组成变化的研究

为评估鲢鱼的滤食作用对淡水鱼混养池塘中浮游生物和悬浮颗粒物组成的影响,2009年在山东省淡水养殖研究所采用围隔将淡水养殖池塘进行分隔,对不同放养比例的草鱼、鲢鱼和鲤鱼混养围隔内的浮游生物和悬浮颗粒物的组成进行研究。结果显示,草-鲢和草-鲢-鲤混养组中隐藻门的隐藻与硅藻门的小环藻、冠盘藻或针杆藻等交替演变,浮游植物的粒级趋于小型化,<5、5～20和>20μm的浮游植物分别占浮游植物生物量的69%、24%和7%;同时浮游动物也趋于小型化,个体较小的原生动物和轮虫生物量占有相对优势,导致浮游动物生物量降低;草-鲤混养组发生了蓝藻水华,色球藻和螺旋藻大量发生,<5、5～20和>20μm的各粒级对浮游植物生物量的贡献率分别在30%左右。实验中悬浮颗粒物(SPM)范围为18.89～116.27mg/L,平均值为52.49mg/L,颗粒有机物(POM)与SPM含量之比的平均值为50.08%,POM与SPM呈显著正相关(R2=0.188,P<0.01)。     

Metabolic rates and biochemical compositions of Apostichopus japonicus (Selenka) tissue during periods of inactivity

Estivation, hibernation, and starvation are indispensable inactive states of sea cucumbers Apostichopus japonicus in nature and in culture ponds. Generally, temperature is the principal factor that induces estivation or hibernation in the sea cucumber. The present study provided insight into the physiological adaptations of A. japonicus during the three types of inactivity (hibernation, estivation, and starvation) by measuring the oxygen consumption rates (Vo₂) and biochemical compositions under laboratory conditions of low (3°C), normal (17°C) and high (24°C) temperature. The results show that the characteristics of A. japonicus in dormancy (hibernation and estivation) states were quite different from higher animals, such as fishes, amphibians, reptiles, and mammals, but more closely resembled a semi-dormant state. It was observed that the shift in the A. japonicus physiological state from normal to dormancy was a chronic rather than acute process, indicated by the gradual depression of metabolic rate. While metabolic rates declined 44.9% for the estivation group and 71.7% for the hibernation group, relative to initial rates, during the 36 d culture period, metabolic rates were not maintained at constant levels during these states. The metabolic depression processes for sea cucumbers in hibernation and estivation appeared to be a passive and an active metabolic suppression, respectively. In contrast, the metabolic rates (128.90±11.70 μg/g h) of estivating sea cucumbers were notably higher (107.85±6.31 μg/g h) than in starving sea cucumbers at 17°C, which indicated that the dormancy mechanism here, as a physiological inhibition, was not as efficient as in higher animals. Finally, the principle metabolic substrate or energy source of sea cucumbers in hibernation was lipid, whereas in estivation they mainly consumed protein in the early times and both protein and lipid thereafter.     

光照对刺参幼体存活、生长、发育和附着变态的影响

本实验研究了不同光照强度(0lx、50lx、500lx和2000lx)和不同光照周期(24L:0D、14L:10D、10L:14D和0L:24D)对刺参(Apostichopus ja ponicus)浮游幼体存活、生长、发育及附着变态的影响。结果表明:(1)光照强度和光照周期显著影响刺参幼体的生长(P0.05),幼体在不同光照强度下生长速度的高低顺序为:500lx50lx2000lx0lx,不同光照周期下生长速度的高低顺序为:14L:10D10L:14D24L:0D0L:24D。(2)不同光照强度下,幼体的存活率随光照强度的升高而增大;0L:24D光周期下的幼体存活率显著低于其余3个光周期处理(P0.05)。(3)4种光照强度下,500lx处理组的幼体发育最快,9d时樽形幼体的发生率为30.9%,0lx处理组樽形幼体的发生率仅为5.2%,且致畸率高达17.7%,显著高于其他光照强度处理(P0.05);4种光照周期下,10L:14D光照周期下的幼体发育最快,9d时樽形幼体的发生率为34.8%,显著高于其余光周期处理组(P0.05)。(4)幼体在不同光照强度和光照周期下变态率的大小顺序分别为:50lx500lx2000lx0lx,10L:14D14L:10D24L:0D0L:24D,光照强度与光照周期均显著影响幼体的变态(P0.05)。可见,提供一定的光照对刺参浮游幼体的生长发育更为有利。     

不同盐度下半滑舌鳎幼鱼非特异性免疫酶活力分析

让半滑舌鳎幼鱼(Cynoglossus semilaevis)在淡水、盐度5、10、20和30条件下适应60d,研究幼鱼不同组织(肌肉、肝脏、鳃、肾脏)中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)和酸性磷酸酶(ACP)的活力。结果表明:半滑舌鳎幼鱼在淡水中生长受到了明显的抑制(P0.05),末体重在盐度10和20时较高;半滑舌鳎幼鱼肌肉中SOD活力在淡水条件下显著高于其它各处理(P0.05),肝脏中SOD的活力在盐度20时活力出现最大值(P0.05),在盐度30时,鳃和肾脏中SOD活力显著高于盐度5和10时(P0.05);肝脏中CAT活力随实验盐度的升高而降低,在淡水条件下要显著高于其它盐度(P0.05);肌肉和肾脏中AKP活力随实验盐度的升高而逐渐升高,其中肌肉组织中AKP活力在盐度20和30时显著高于淡水处理(P0.05);在淡水和盐度5时,肝脏中ACP活力显著高于盐度20和30时(P0.05),鳃和肾脏ACP活力则在盐度5时较低。综上表明,本研究规格下半滑舌鳎幼鱼不适宜在淡水条件下养殖,但盐度5以上的低盐度则不影响其正常生长;不同盐度对半滑舌鳎幼鱼的非特异性免疫酶活力影响显著,且盐度对不同组织中非特异性免疫酶活力影响存在一定的组织特异性。