地缘环境可视化方法综述

针对已有地缘环境研究中可视化方法多样、表达效果参差不齐的现状,对地缘环境可视化方法展开系统梳理、综合分析.采用归纳、比较等方法,将现有研究中的地缘体、地缘关系和地缘结构可视化方法进行了分类对比.各类可视化方法在不同的地缘环境研究场景中具有不同的特点、适用性和表达效果.根据对现状的研究及技术发展趋势,认为未来需要关注的重...     

东太湖湖泊面积及网围养殖动态变化的遥感监测

东太湖高密度网围养殖已是东太湖水资源过度开发的重要问题,彻底查清东太湖网围养殖规模,是采取一切治理措施的前提,遥感技术可真实反映湖区网围养殖情况,能避免人为的虚报、错报现象．本文利用六景TM图像和三期高精度航片,分析了东太湖20世纪80年代以来湖泊面积、网围养殖的时空变化情况并提出控制网围养殖盲目发展的对策．1984年以来,东太湖湖泊面积持续减小,20年内共减少了249．23hm^2;其中1994—2000年是湖泊消失的快速时期,消失的湖泊主要用于围垦养殖．1990年以来,网围养殖规模逐渐增大,目前几乎布满整个东太湖;1995年以来的增长速度更为迅速,2003年的网围面积10647．02hm^2,比1995年增加了9401．29hm^2,该时期内网围规模增加的年速率是1990—1995年的4倍．     

基于反射光谱的太湖北部叶绿素a浓度定量估算

利用地物光谱仪研究了太湖水体的反射光谱特征与叶绿素a浓度之间的定量关系,结果表明太湖水体的叶绿素a浓度可以用720 nm附近的反射率估算,同时也可以用806 nm和571 nm两个波段的反射率比值来估算,前者建立的估算模型具有较好的通用性,而后者只能较好的估算<10μg/L的叶绿素a浓度;通过对光谱微分的分析,发现叶绿素a浓度与690 nm附近的一阶微分和702 nm附近的二阶微分相关性最好,但基于反射光谱一阶微分的叶绿素a浓度估算模型,并没有显著的提高太湖叶绿素a浓度的估测精度,二阶微分后的估测精度好于一阶微分,但其估测精度仍没有利用720 nm反射光谱的反演模型高．太湖水体的叶绿素a浓度可以利用720 nm附近的反射光谱有效地估算．     

基于多属性决策的统计数据分级综合评价模型

将决策理论中的多属性决策用于评价地图要素的分级(分类)方法是否最优,并用信息论中的熵函数法确定各个评价分级精度指标的权重,建立了统计数据分级(分类)的综合评价模型。模型的建立,不仅提高了评价的客观性,而且是建立分级方法与适合这种分级方法的数据之间的关系基础。最后,用实例说明这种方法的具体应用及计算过程。     

基于核心序列优先的倒转地层构模方法

在三维地层建模过程中,一些复杂的地质构造(如倒转褶皱)往往需要人工干预才能生成正确的模型。针对地质体的特点,提出一种三棱柱模型的改进算法,将核心序列优先等方法运用于建模过程,同时运用虚拟钻孔柱的方法处理尖灭,在无需人工干预的情况下较好地实现了对复杂地层倒转现象的模拟。     

基于元算法专题数据处理数学模型库的建立及应用

随着专题数据处理向着定量化、辅助决策方向发展,对专题数据处理数学模型提出了更多更高的要求。针对当前制图系统和GIS中数学模型（库）的重用性和可扩展性较差的问题,提出基干元算法的相关概念,并通过对专题数据处理数学模型的深入研究,建立了基干元算法的专题数据处理模型库,最后将该模型库应用到GIS中的专题地图制作中,取得了较好的实验效果。实践证明,基干元算法专题数据处理数学模型库不仅具有建库的高效性,而且具有管理的动态性和使用的灵活性,同时也充分说明基于元算法数学模型库系统具有较大的推广价值。     

地图学网站的设计与实现

随着计算机与互联网技术的发展与应用,古老的地图正在发挥着越来越重要的作用。为了普及地图学知识,增加人们对地图的了解与应用,适应网络化教育发展的需要,我们建立了专业性的“地图学网站”。本文介绍了该地图学网站的主要内容、功能设计与实现方法,对地图学网站及网络地图的设计与实现进行了初步的探索。     

海洋里的兔子

海洋里也有兔子，可它与陆地上的兔子不一样，既不会蹦跳，也不会跳跃，而只能在泥沙的海底像蜗牛那样慢慢爬行。在水汪汪的海底，当它静止的时候，头部即伸出一对“搜集情报”用的触角，仿佛陆生兔子的一双耳朵，蜷曲的身体也活像一只趴在地上的兔子，据此特征海洋生物学家们把它定名为“海兔”。     

20世纪80年代以来中国土地利用变化的基本特征与空间格局(英文)

Land-use/land-cover changes(LUCCs) have links to both human and nature interactions. China's Land-Use/cover Datasets(CLUDs) were updated regularly at 5-year intervals from the late 1980s to 2010, with standard procedures based on Landsat TM\ETM+ images. A land-use dynamic regionalization method was proposed to analyze major land-use conversions. The spatiotemporal characteristics, differences, and causes of land-use changes at a national scale were then examined. The main findings are summarized as follows. Land-use changes(LUCs) across China indicated a significant variation in spatial and temporal characteristics in the last 20 years(1990–2010). The area of cropland change decreased in the south and increased in the north, but the total area remained almost unchanged. The reclaimed cropland was shifted from the northeast to the northwest. The built-up lands expanded rapidly, were mainly distributed in the east, and gradually spread out to central and western China. Woodland decreased first, and then increased, but desert area was the opposite. Grassland continued decreasing. Different spatial patterns of LUC in China were found between the late 20th century and the early 21st century. The original 13 LUC zones were replaced by 15 units with changes of boundaries in some zones. The main spatial characteristics of these changes included(1) an accelerated expansion of built-up land in theHuang-Huai-Hai region, the southeastern coastal areas, the midstream area of the Yangtze River, and the Sichuan Basin;(2) shifted land reclamation in the north from northeast China and eastern Inner Mongolia to the oasis agricultural areas in northwest China;(3) continuous transformation from rain-fed farmlands in northeast China to paddy fields; and(4) effectiveness of the "Grain for Green" project in the southern agricultural–pastoral ecotones of Inner Mongolia, the Loess Plateau, and southwestern mountainous areas. In the last two decades, although climate change in the north affected the change in cropland, policy regulation and economic driving forces were still the primary causes of LUC across China. During the first decade of the 21st century, the anthropogenic factors that drove variations in land-use patterns have shifted the emphasis from one-way land development to both development and conservation. The "dynamic regionalization method" was used to analyze changes in the spatial patterns of zoning boundaries, the internal characteristics of zones, and the growth and decrease of units. The results revealed "the pattern of the change process," namely the process of LUC and regional differences in characteristics at different stages. The growth and decrease of zones during this dynamic LUC zoning, variations in unit boundaries, and the characteristics of change intensities between the former and latter decades were examined. The patterns of alternative transformation between the "pattern" and "process" of land use and the causes for changes in different types and different regions of land use were explored.     

基于触发模型的国界电子地图自适应符号设计

运用电子地图显示的理论和方法.从影响国界电子地图显示的因素出发,建立国界电子地图自适应显示的触发模型,并着重研究不同触发模型下国界电子地图符号设计的特点、原则和方法,介绍国界电子地图自适应显示实现机制,以及在国界地理信息系统网络版中的应用.