北黄海獐子岛海域强壮箭虫(Sagitta crassa)丰度的周年变化及其与环境因子的关系

强壮箭虫是我国温带海域的浮游动物优势种。本文通过2009年7月至2010年6月在北黄海獐子岛海域的逐月综合调查,研究了大网浮游动物中强壮箭虫丰度的周年变化及其与环境因子的关系。结果显示,强壮箭虫年平均丰度为22.6 ind/m3,高峰值出现在12月（47.5 ind/m3）,最低值出现在8月（7.8 ind/m3）;在水平分布上,除了夏季的8月,全年近岸海域强壮箭虫丰度均高于外海海域,且在10月及次年2月差异显著（P<0.05）。相关性分析显示,作为肉食性浮游动物,强壮箭虫丰度时空变化除了受温度和盐度影响外,还与饵料生物（主要是桡足类）丰度有关。我们认为,这是其丰度周年变化规律在不同海域出现明显差异的主要原因。     

Annual variation in Calanus sinicus abundance and population structure in the northern boundary area of the Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass

The Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass （YSCWM） was suggested as an over-summering site of the dominant copepod species Calanus sinicus in coastal Chinese seas. Population abundance and structure were investigated by monthly sampling along three transects across the northern boundary of the YSCWM during 2009-2010. Results show that thermal stratification existed from June to October and that the vertical thermal difference increased with depth. Generally, total abundance was lowest in October and highest in June, and the female/male sex ratio was highest in February and lowest in August. Evident spatial differences in abundance were observed during the existence of the YSCWM. In June, total abundance averaged 158.8 ind/m~ at well-stratified stations, and 532.1 ind/m3 at other stations. Similarly, high abundances of 322.0 and 324.4 ind/m3 were recorded from July to August inside the YSCWM, while the abundance decreased from 50.4 to 1.9 ind/m3 outside the water mass. C. sinicus distribution tended to even out over the study area in September when the YSCWM disappeared. We believe that the YSCWM may retard population recruitment in spring and preserve abundant cohorts in summer. The summer population was transported to neritic waters in autumn. In addition to low temperatures, stable vertical structure was also an essential condition for preservation of the summer population. C. sinicus can survive the summer in marginal areas in high abundance, but the population structure is completely different in terms of C5 proportion and sex ratio.     

普里兹湾的浮游动物群落生态研究Ⅰ:分布和结构

浮游动物群落研究在生态学研究中有承上启下的作用.本文选取不同的浮游动物种和不同的发育期作为分类依据,用聚类分析和分布分析的方法对南极普里兹湾海区浮游动物的群落结构进行了分析.普里兹湾海区夏季浮游动物群落可以划分为三种地理群落:北部以纽鳃樽为特有种的被囊群落、中部磷虾群落和以晶磷虾为特有种的近岸群落.通过观察和指示种分析,结果表明:被囊和磷虾群落之间的指示种依次是纽鳃樽、毛颚类幼体、巨锚哲水蚤和毛颚类成体;被囊和近岸群落之间的指示种依次为巨锚哲水蚤、毛颚类成体、戈氏长腹水蚤的晚期桡足幼体和虾的原蚤状幼体;在对磷虾和近岸群落的分析中晶磷虾是最明显的指示种,其次是磷虾的无节幼体和隆剑水蚤.     

南黄海梭形纽鳃樽昼夜垂直移动的初步研究

本文对2006年12月、2007年5月和6月在南黄海两个连续站S1-4和S3-3采集的梭形纽鳃樽的昼夜垂直移动进行了研究。结果表明, 在不同季节不同海域该种昼夜垂直移动行为略有差异。在S1-4站位, 12月份梭形纽鳃樽复体从未到达底层(50—70m), 在0—50m的水层中表现出不规则的昼夜垂直移动。从中午(12:00)到傍晚(18:00)主要分布在表层, 之后移动到较深的水层(10—30m), 而单体由于数量较少而未进行昼夜垂直移动分析; 5、6月份, 该种单体和复体都出现了明显的反向昼夜垂直移动, 即白天迁移到表层, 夜间向底层迁移, 5月份尤为明显。在S3-3站位, 12月份和5月份梭形纽鳃樽的单体和复体几乎在整个水层都有分布。12月份梭形纽鳃樽复体在夜间有向下移动的趋势, 在06:00时到达最底层, 白天主要分布在20m以上的水层中。5月份梭形纽鳃樽单体和复体昼夜垂直移动不明显, 但主要分布在10—20m的水层中。     

北黄海冷水团对獐子岛微微型浮游生物分布的影响

Picoplankton distribution around the Zhangzi Island(northern Yellow Sea)was investigated by monthly observation from July 2009 to June 2010.Three picoplankton populations were discriminated by flow cytometry,namely Synechococcus,picoeukaryotes and heterotrophic prokaryotes.In summer(from July to September),the edge of the northern Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass(NYSCWM)resulting from water column stratification was observed.In the NYSCWM,picoplankton(including Synechococcus,picoeukaryotes and heterotrophic prokaryotes)distributed synchronically with extremely high abundance in the thermocline(20 m)in July and August(especially in August),whereas in the bottom zone of the NYSCWM(below 30 m),picoplankton abundance was quite low.Synechococcus,picoeukaryotes and heterotrophic prokaryotes showed similar response to the NYSCWM,indicating they had similar regulating mechanism under the influence of NYSCWM.Whereas in the non-NYSCWM,Synechococcus,picoeukaryotes and heterotrophic prokaryotes exhibited different distribution patterns,suggesting they had different controlling mechanisms.Statistical analysis indicated that temperature,nutrients(NO3–and PO43–)and ciliate were important factors in regulating picoplankton distribution.The results in this study suggested that the physical event NYSCWM,had strong influence on picoplankton distribution around the Zhangzi Island in the northern Yellow Sea.     

Seasonal variation in abundance, diel vertical migration and body size of pelagic tunicate Salpa fusiformis in the Southern Yellow Sea

Mass occurrence of Salpa fusiformis was observed in the Southern Yellow Sea in May and June 2007. In order to investigate its population recruitment and environmental adaptation, temporal variation of abundance, diel vertical migration (DVM) and length frequency distribution of both aggregate and solitary forms were studied with samples collected from eight months during September 2006 to August 2007. S. fusiformis presented in six months other than September and October 2006, and average abundance of aggregate and solitary forms peaked in June and May, respectively. In December, aggregate forms were absent in the bottom layer and performed irregular DVM from surface to 50 m depth, while solitary forms was too scarce to perform diel vertical distribution analysis. Both aggregate and solitary forms presented reverse DVM in May and June. They migrated upwards during daytime and concentrated in surface layer at sunset. The bimodal distribution of aggregate forms was found in April and the average size was largest in this month. In other months, the smaller aggregate forms (1-5 mm) dominated in populations except for May, when the modal size ranged from 2 to 8 mm. The average size of solitary forms was largest in December, followed by April. The skewed nomal distribution of solitary forms was found in May and June, with the modal size of 2-7 mm and 5-13 mm, respectively.     

2011年春季黄、东海墨绿多管水母(Aequorea coerulescens)分布特征

2011年4月在黄、东海的大面调查中观测到一种多管水母大量发生, 在现场通过表层目测计数了其分布特征, 采集现场样品测量了伞径、湿重和干重, 并结合水文数据分析了其分布与水团的关系。经鉴定, 该种为水螅水母纲、软水母亚纲、锥螅水母目、多管水母科、多管水母属、墨绿多管水母(Aequorea coerulescens)。在69个站位中, 有11个站位出现, 出现率16%, 主要在东海南部近岸海域。个体伞径在17.40—142.00mm之间, 湿、干重分别在3.07—75.47g和0.12—3.06g之间, 湿、干重与伞径呈现显著的指数关系。碳含量占干重的3.15%0.56%, 氮含量占干重的14.44%2.65%, 碳氮比为4.580.30。伞径和温度、盐度显著相关。作者认为, 墨绿多管水母来源于舟山群岛附近海域, 受海流的作用, 输送到观测海域; 离源地越远的站位, 由于生长时间长, 水母伞径增大。     

2012年夏季西北冰洋浮游动物群落特征

北冰洋夏季海冰覆盖面积在2012年达到低值。为了了解海冰变化对浮游动物群落的影响, 利用夏季西北冰洋22个站位的网采样品, 通过种类组成和丰度研究了群落的类型、结构和地理分布, 探讨了其分布特征与环境因子的关系。根据记录到的54种(类)浮游动物, 21站位可以划分成在地理上基本隔离的三个浮游动物群落: 楚科奇海南部群落, 藤壶幼体数量占优, 站位丰度百分比在56.6%—79.8%之间, 桡足类次之(18.0%—42.2%), 同时还含有少量的白令海种类;楚科奇海中北部群落以广布性桡足类占绝对优势(62.3%—96.8%), 藤壶幼体次之(0—30.9%);深海群落浮游动物的丰度极低, 组成上以桡足类为主(71.6%—89.8%), 且多数是体型较大极地种。楚科奇海陆坡边缘的M06站丰度较高但是种类组成与深海站位相似, 没有归入任何群落。两个浅水群落优势种都是北极哲水蚤(Calanus glacialis)、伪哲水蚤类(Pseudocalanus sp.)、圆胃住囊虫(Oikopleur vanhoffeni)以及藤壶幼体(Barnacle larva), 但优势度各异。深海群落优势种较多, 北极哲水蚤(Calanus glacialis)、极北哲水蚤(Calanus hyperboreus)、细长长腹水蚤(Metridia longa)以及北极拟真刺水蚤(Paraeuchaeta glacialis)等体型较大的桡足类优势度较高, 体型较小的矮小微哲水蚤(Microcalanus pygmaeus)、长腹剑水蚤(Oithona similis)优势度相对较低。与群落类型按维度和深度的变化趋势一致, 统计分析显示表层温度和表层盐度是最重要的影响因子。与海冰覆盖面积较高的2003年相比, 群落类型和地理分布没有显著变化, 但是楚科奇海浮游动物丰度增加了1—2倍, 深海群落丰度降低而组成上大型种类比例升高。     

胶州湾东北部养殖海区环境质量状况及分析

基于2006年2月、5月、8月、11月胶州湾东北部养殖海区现场调查结果,采用单因子指数、富营养化指数、有机污染指数对环境状况进行了分析评价。结果表明:该海域主要受到无机N、P污染;COD在夏、秋季符合一类,但在冬、春季只达到国家二类海水水质标准;DO全部符合国家一类海水水质标准。通过站位间的比较发现,东北部沧口水域环境质量最差,全年处于富营养化状态,有机污染介于轻度到严重污染之间。红岛附近水质较好,不存在有机污染,只有春、秋季达到富营养化水平。研究结果显示该海域主要受陆源污染,且与现有污水处理不能有效去除无机N、P营养盐有关。     

Changes in the population structure of Calanus sinicus during summer–autumn in the southern Yellow Sea

Calanus sinicus is a calanoid copepod widely distributed in coastal waters of China and Japan, and oversummering strategies may have major impacts on their population dynamics which in turn affect local marine food web structure. The abundance, stage composition, and sex composition of the planktonic copepod C. sinicus were studied from August to October 2002 in the southern Yellow Sea to understand how its population recovers from the over-summering state. Results showed that C. sinicus had low reproduction in August due to high temperature, except in waters near the Cheju Island with rich food and moderate bottom temperature, but the reproduction rates here decreased in September–October as food availability declined. When temperature dropped in September–October, C. sinicus actively propagated in coastal shallow waters. However, reproduction rates of C. sinicus individuals inhabiting the Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass(YSCWM) remained low during the three months of the study. The percentage of C. sinicus females was high during the reproductive period, which suggests that the sex composition of adult C. sinicus may reflect whether or not the population is in the reproductive mode.Numerous fifth copepodite stage(CV) C. sinicus aggregated in the YSCWM in a suspended developmental stage during the three months of this study, and they potentially served as the parental individuals for population development when conditions became optimal for reproduction later in the year.