库姆塔格沙漠梭梭群落特征研究

 在对库姆塔格沙漠植被调查的基础上，以天然梭梭为研究对象，从群落结构、分布和生长特性等方面研究了梭梭群落的结构特征及其自然生存规律。结果表明：沙漠南缘地带为梭梭群落的分布定居区。由于生境及地貌类型的不同，群落结构差异性较大。随着植被类型由东部山前荒漠草原向西部典型荒漠植被类型过渡，梭梭群落相对数量及相对盖度增大，由伴生种转化为建群种。水分是影响梭梭种群自然生长及更新的主导因素，成龄梭梭的生长差异性表现为河床梭梭优于滩地梭梭，沙地梭梭好于戈壁梭梭;小龄级梭梭幼苗主要分布在河床冲沟边缘附近，形成垂直河床的条带状定居格局;深居沙漠腹地的老龄梭梭已基本上衰败死亡，测定年代距公元1950年为(314±54)a。风沙作用使沙漠南移，梭梭出现衰败死亡与自然更新的演替过程。     

基于遥感的地质环境综合评价在矿山地质灾害调查中的应用——以广西某金矿区为例

文章介绍了采用遥感技术在广西某金矿地质灾害调查中的应用,证实了采用遥感技术进行地质环境综合评价是地质灾害调查中一种有效的手段。     

喀斯特土地利用变化及其区域生态环境效应--以广西都安瑶族自治县为例

从土地利用转移类型、空间格局变化定量分析、动态变化预测模型等方面分析近20年都安土地利用变化,进而对其生态环境质量变化进行定量分析,得出结论:都安各乡(镇)生态环境质量改善与恶化在很大程度取决于裸岩地扩展与收缩,土地利用时空变化与区域生态环境质量的区域差异有很大相关性。     

北方岩溶水源地的基本类型和资源评价方法的选择——以煤矿区奥陶系岩溶水源地为例

北方岩溶水,储量丰富,紧靠产煤区,是北方能源建设的主要供水水源。文章概略的归纳出北方岩溶水和岩溶水源地的主要特点;对岩溶水源地和岩溶水资源的评价方法进行了分类;提出了岩溶水资源评价方法选择的原则;详细论述了主要类型水源地的资源评价方法。      

泉州湾海域海浪谱

本文根据福建泉州湾大量实测海浪谱资料,分析了该海域海浪内部结构特征,比较和检验了国内外常用的Ｐ－Ｍ谱、Ｊｏｎｓｗａｐ谱、规范谱及国内沿岸海区的一些经验谱,结果取了与本海区实测海浪个例谱结构接近程度最好的Ｊｏｎｓｗａｐ谱拟合泉州湾海浪谱模式。     

湖北省2013年梅雨新特点与启示

使用湖北1961—2012年70个站点逐日20—20时降水资料及相应时段入梅、出梅日期和梅雨期强度指数统计资料,通过最小二乘法拟合、滑动平均、趋势系数和气候倾向率分析等方法,从多年变化、空间分布、趋势变化、强度指数等方面,探讨近52 a湖北梅雨期降水的气候变化特征。结果表明：(1)湖北的入梅、出梅日期和梅雨期长度历年差异较大,梅雨期较长但呈减少趋势。2000年为湖北梅雨的转折点,该年之后入梅日期推迟,出梅日期提前,梅雨长度缩短,梅雨期降水呈现弱化的特点。(2)湖北年降水量、梅雨期降水量、暴雨量、暴雨站次数较多,梅年比、暴雨比较高,且历年差异较大。年降水量的年际变化表现为小振幅波动震荡,其他的波动震荡较大且除梅年比外的震荡趋势很一致。(3)梅雨期降水存在明显的区域性和年代际变化。52 a平均特征表明,鄂西南和鄂东为高值区,鄂西北为低值区。1990s和2000s的梅雨期降水量和梅年比分别较其他时段明显偏多、偏高和偏少、偏低,1970s的梅雨期暴雨日、暴雨量较其他时段明显偏少,暴雨比明显偏低。(4)趋势系数和气候倾向率分析表明,鄂东的暴雨比明显增加,湖北大部分站点的年降水量、梅年比、梅雨期降水量、暴雨量、暴雨日在增加,主要位于江汉平原南部和鄂东南,少部分站点在减少,主要位于江汉平原中北部和鄂西南,但趋势均不明显。(5)梅雨强度指数其呈弱增加趋势,其在典型的水涝年份的等级为强或偏强,在典型的干旱年份的等级为偏弱,且等级偏弱的年数最多,为20个。

     

铁路几种类型的便线设计及测量要素的计算方法

本文在介绍铁路便线的设计过程中,详细地讨论了各类曲线测量要素的计算方法,掌握了这些方法,铁路便线施工放样的困难就可迎刃而解。     

全球粮食安全格局的时空演化

Food security is the primary prerequisite for achieving other Millennium Development Goals(MDGs).Given that the MDG of“halving the proportion of hungers by 2015”was not realized as scheduled,it will be more pressing and challenging to reach the goal of zero hunger by 2030.So there is high urgency to find the pattern and mechanism of global food security from the perspective of spatio-temporal evolution.In this paper,based on the analysis of database by using a multi-index evaluation method and radar map area model,the global food security level for 172 countries from 2000 to 2014 were assessed;and then spatial autocorrelation analysis was conducted to depict the spatial patterns and changing characteristics of global food security;then,multi-nonlinear regression methods were employed to identify the factors affecting the food security patterns.The results show:1)The global food security pattern can be summarized as“high-high aggregation,low-low aggregation”.The most secure countries are mainly distributed in Western Europe,North America,Oceania and parts of East Asia.The least secure countries are mainly distributed in sub-Saharan Africa,South Asia and West Asia,and parts of Southeast Asia.2)Europe and sub-Saharan Africa are hot and cold spots of the global food security pattern respectively,while in non-aggregation areas,Haiti,North Korea,Tajikistan and Afghanistan have long-historical food insecurity problems.3)The pattern of global food security is generally stable,but the internal fluctuations in the extremely insecure groups were significant.The countries with the highest food insecurity are also the countries with the most fluctuated levels of food security.4)The annual average temperature,per capita GDP,proportion of people accessible to clean water,political stability and non-violence levels are the main factors influencing the global food security pattern.Research shows that the status of global food security has improved since the year 2000,yet there are still many challenges such as unstable global food security and acute regional food security issues.It will be difficult to understand these differences from a single factor,especially the annual average temperature and annual precipitation.The abnormal performance of the above factors indicates that appropriate natural conditions alone do not absolutely guarantee food security,while the levels of agricultural development,the purchasing power of residents,regional accessibility,as well as political and economic stability have more direct influence.     

塔克拉玛干沙漠沙尘演变及气候因素分析

Based on the sand dust storms data and climatic data in 12 meteorological stations around sand dust storm originating areas of the Taklimakan Desert, we analyzed the trends of the number of dust storm days from 1960 to 2005 as well as their correlations with temperature, precipitation, wind speed and the number of days with mean wind speed 〉 5 m/s. The results show that the frequency of dust storm events in the Taklimakan region decreased with the elapse of time. Except Ruoqiang and Minfeng, in the other 10 meteorological stations, the frequency of dust storm events reduces, and in 4 meteorological stations of Kuqa, Korla, Kalpin and Hotan, the frequency of dust storm events distinctly decreases. The temperature has an increasing trend, while the average wind speed and the number of days with mean wind speed ≥ 5 m/s have decreasing trends. The correlation analysis between the number of days of dust storms and climatic parameters demonstrates that wind speed and the number of days with mean wind speed 〉 5 m/s have strong positive correlation with the number of days of dust storms, with the correlations coefficients being 0.743 and 0.720 （p〈0.01）, respectively, which indicates that strong wind is the direct factor resulting in sand dust storms. Whereas precipitation has significant negative correlation with the number of days of dust storms （p〈0.01）, and the prior annual precipitation has also negative correlation, which indicates that the prior precipitation restrains the occurrence of sand dust storms, but this restraining action is weaker than the same year＇s precipitation. Temperature has negative correlation with the number of dust storm days, with a correlations coefficient of -0.433 （p〈0.01）, which means that temperature change also has impacts on the occurrence of dust storm events in the Taklimakan region.     

横流环境中水下溢油输移扩散的实验研究

文章基于自制的组合式环形水槽（周长9.7 m、宽0.45 m、深1.0 m）,分别以阿曼原油及其消油剂混合物和淡水（含示踪剂）为模拟污染物,开展水下溢油的物理模拟实验,以浮射流输移轨迹、污染物扩散范围和油滴粒径分布为考察指标,研究横流环境和消油剂的使用对水下溢油输移扩散的影响。实验结果表明:在横流环境中,浮射流输移轨迹开始弯曲的高度随着流速的增加而降低;与淡水浮射流主要在水中输移扩散的情况不同,当污染物为原油时,大粒径油滴脱离浮射流主体并上浮至水面,导致扩散范围更大;消油剂的添加会使原油浮射流内部油滴的体积中值粒径变小,油滴粒径分布曲线向小尺寸方向偏移。实验结果可为后续的物理模拟实验和数值模拟研究提供参考。