南海与邻近海洋的水通量交换

利用一个局地加密的全球海洋环流模式,给出位于细网格海域的南中国海与其邻近海洋之间水交换的年平均和月变化的定量结果。结果表明,南海与周围海洋交换的水通量受南海季风的影响较大,其中吕宋海峡的交换量最大,其次为南海南部边界的断面,再者依次为台湾海峡,民都洛海峡和巴拉巴克海峡,另外还对南海各个海峡的热通量,盐通量进行了估算。     

全球气候模式中赤道东太平洋海表温度的季节循环：从CMIP5到CMIP6

The sea surface temperature(SST) seasonal cycle in the eastern equatorial Pacific(EEP) plays an important role in the El Ni?o–Southern Oscillation(ENSO) phenomenon. However, the reasonable simulation of SST seasonal cycle in the EEP is still a challenge for climate models. In this paper, we evaluated the performance of 17 CMIP6 climate models in simulating the seasonal cycle in the EEP and compared them with 43 CMIP5 climate models. In general, only CESM2 and SAM0-UNICON are able to successfully capture the annual mean SST characteristics,and the results showed that CMIP6 models have no fundamental improvement in the model annual mean bias.For the seasonal cycle, 14 out of 17 climate models are able to represent the major characteristics of the observed SST annual evolution. In spring, 12 models capture the 1–2 months leading the eastern equatorial Pacific region 1(EP1; 5°S–5°N, 110°–85°W) against the eastern equatorial Pacific region 2(EP2; 5°S–5°N, 140°–110°W). In autumn,only two models, GISS-E2-G and SAM0-UNICON, correctly show that the EP1 and EP2 SSTs vary in phase. For the CMIP6 MME SST simulation in EP1, both the cold bias along the equator in the warm phase and the warm bias in the cold phase lead to a weaker annual SST cycle in the CGCMs, which is similar to the CMIP5 results. However,both the seasonal cold bias and warm bias are considerably decreased for CMIP6, which leads the annual SST cycle to more closely reflect the observation. For the CMIP6 MME SST simulation in EP2, the amplitude is similar to the observed value due to the quasi-constant cold bias throughout the year, although the cold bias is clearly improved after August compared with CMIP5 models. Overall, although SAM0-UNICON successfully captured the seasonal cycle characteristics in the EEP and the improvement from CMIP5 to CMIP6 in simulating EEP SST is clear, the fundamental climate models simulated biases still exist.     

南海卫星遥感海表湍流热通量资料的评估

利用现场观测资料、OAFlux的湍流热通量,评估了JOFURO（Japanese Ocean Flux Data Sets with use of Remote Sensing Observations）、HOAPS-2（Hamburg Ocean Atmosphere Parameters and Fluxes from Satellite data version 2）、GSSTF-2（Goddard Satellite-Based Surface Turbulent Fluxes version 2）3种卫星资料在南海区域的表现。3套卫星资料可以说各有千秋,总体而言JOFURO和GSSTF-2资料的空间分布和时间变化与OAFlux资料整体上较一致,但是这两套资料都在很大程度上低估了海盆平均的潜热和感热,前者低估约10%~20%,后者则可以达到50%以上。HOAPS-2资料与现场观测资料有较好的一致性,但在时间变化上和其他资料的差异则较大,特别是感热方面,季节变化振幅、年际变化位相等都与其他资料不一致。通过比较我们发现,海南岛周边以及南海南部区域估算的潜热和感热释放偏小是造成整体偏小的主要原因。     

道路网层次骨架控制的道路选取方法

提出了基于路网层次骨架控制的道路自动选取方法。首先,该方法以stroke为单位,利用中介中心性值对stroke进行层次结构划分;其次,采用结构特征识别完善道路层次骨架;第三,基于层次骨架间的连通关系建立逐层传递的stroke重要性计算模型;最后,通过该计算模型自上而下的逐层计算,得到stroke重要性,并据此完成道路网选取。采用3种典型道路网数据,对本方法与其他主要常规stroke选取方法进行对比,试验结果表明本方法不但对语义的依赖性极低,同时消除了中介中心性在评价道路重要性时对边缘道路的不利影响,在保持道路网整体结构和层次性上有较为明显的优势,可适用于各种形态的道路网选取。     

新疆东天山磁海铁矿区侵入岩年龄及其对矿床形成时代的制约

新疆东天山是中国重要铁铜多金属成矿带之一,磁海大型铁矿床位于该成矿带南缘的北山裂谷带内。铁矿体赋存于早期辉绿岩和矽卡岩中,呈透镜状、脉状近平行排列,后期辉绿岩脉穿切早期辉绿岩和矿体。在野外地质调查的基础上,文章对早期辉绿岩和成矿期后辉绿岩脉进行了年代学研究。锆石LA-MC-ICP MS U-Pb测年结果表明,赋矿辉绿岩的形成时代为（286.5±1.8）Ma和（284.8±1.3）Ma,辉绿岩脉形成于（275.8±2.2）Ma,由此限定磁海铁矿床的形成年龄在286~275 Ma,属于早二叠世成矿。结合区域岩浆和构造活动研究成果认为,磁海铁矿床成矿作用与东天山地区早二叠世大规模镁铁质-超镁铁质岩浆作用密切相关,形成于碰撞后伸展构造环境中。     

Versions g1.0 and g1.1 of the LASGIAP Flexible Global Ocean–Atmosphere–Land System Model

The latest two versions of the IAP Flexible Global Ocean-Atmosphere-Land System (FGOALS) model- versions g1.0 and g1.1, are described in this study. Both two versions are fully coupled GCMs without any flux correction, major changes for g1.1 mainly lie in four aspects: (1) advection schemes for tracer in the ocean component model; (2) zonal filter scheme in high latitudes in the ocean component model; (3) coupling scheme for fresh water flux in high latitudes; and (4) an improved algorithm of airsea turbule...     

盐度对变化2014年东北太平洋“暖泡”的作用

A significant strong, warm "Blob"(a large circular water body with a positive ocean temperature anomaly)appeared in the Northeast Pacific(NEP) in the boreal winter of 2013–2014, which induced many extreme climate events in the US and Canada. In this study, analyses of the temperature and salinity anomaly variations from the Array for Real-time Geostrophic Oceanography(Argo) data provided insights into the formation of the warm"Blob" over the NEP. The early negative salinity anomaly dominantly contributed to the shallower mixed layer depth(MLD) in the NEP during the period of 2012–2013. Then, the shallower mixed layer trapped more heat in the upper water column and resulted in a warmer sea surface temperature(SST), which enhanced the warm"Blob". The salinity variability contributed to approximately 60% of the shallowing MLD related to the warm"Blob". The salinity anomaly in the warm "Blob" region resulted from a combination of both local and nonlocal effects. The freshened water at the surface played a local role in the MLD anomaly. Interestingly, the MLD anomaly was more dependent on the local subsurface salinity anomaly in the 100–150 m depth range in the NEP.The salinity anomaly in the 50–100 m depth range may be linked to the anomaly in the 100–150 m depth range by vertical advection or mixing. The salinity anomaly in the 100–150 m depth range resulted from the eastward transportation of a subducted water mass that was freshened west of the dateline, which played a nonlocal role.The results suggest that the early salinity anomaly in the NEP related to the warm "Blob" may be a precursor signal of interannual and interdecadal variabilities.     

The flexible global ocean-atmosphere-land system model, Grid-point Version 2: FGOALS-g2

This study mainly introduces the development of the Flexible Global Ocean-Atmosphere-Land System Model: Grid-point Version 2 (FGOALS-g2) and the preliminary evaluations of its performances based on results from the pre-industrial control run and four members of historical runs according to the fifth phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) experiment design. The results suggest that many obvious improvements have been achieved by the FGOALS-g2 compared with the previous version,FGOALS-g1, including its climatological mean states, climate variability, and 20th century surface temperature evolution. For example,FGOALS-g2 better simulates the frequency of tropical land precipitation, East Asian Monsoon precipitation and its seasonal cycle, MJO and ENSO, which are closely related to the updated cumulus parameterization scheme, as well as the alleviation of uncertainties in some key parameters in shallow and deep convection schemes, cloud fraction, cloud macro/microphysical processes and the boundary layer scheme in its atmospheric model. The annual cycle of sea surface temperature along the equator in the Pacific is significantly improved in the new version. The sea ice salinity simulation is one of the unique characteristics of FGOALS-g2, although it is somehow inconsistent with empirical observations in the Antarctic.     

LICOM3.0海洋模式中太平洋北赤道逆流的模拟偏差分析

本文用CORE-IAF（Coordinated Ocean-ice Reference Experiments–Interannual Forcing）外强迫场分别强迫LICOM3（LASG/IAP Climate System Ocean Model Version 3）和POP2（Parallel Ocean Program version 2）两个海洋模式，并分析了这两个模式中太平洋北赤道逆流（NECC）的模拟结果。我们发现LICOM3和POP2模拟的NECC强度均弱于实测，这和Sun et al.（2019）的研究结果一致，也进一步证明了海洋模式中NECC偏弱是CORE-IAF外强迫场造成的，海表风应力及对应的风应力旋度是海洋模式准确模拟NECC的最主要因子。同时，我们也分析了NECC的模拟在动力机制上的差别，这里的动力强迫项包括风应力项、平流项和余项。我们发现模式的外强迫场虽然相同，但是两个模式中各动力强迫项（风应力项、平流项和余项）对NECC模拟的影响并不完全相同。     

Preliminary evaluations of FGOALS-g2 for decadal predictions

The Flexible Global Ocean-Atmosphere-Land System model, Grid-point Version 2 (FGOALS-g2) for decadal predictions, is evaluated preliminarily, based on sets of ensemble 10-year hindcasts that it has produced. The results show that the hindcasts were more accurate in decadal variability of SST and surface air temperature (SAT), particularly in that of Nin o3.4 SST and China regional SAT, than the second sample of the historical runs for 20th-century climate (the control) by the same model. Both the control and the hindcasts represented the global warming well using the same external forcings, but the control overestimated the warming. The hindcasts produced the warming closer to the observations. Performance of FGOALS-g2 in hindcasts benefits from more realistic initial conditions provided by the initialization run and a smaller model bias resulting from the use of a dynamic bias correction scheme newly developed in this study. The initialization consists of a 61-year nudging-based assimilation cycle, which follows on the control run on 01 January 1945 with the incorporation of observation data of upper-ocean temperature and salinity at each integration step in the ocean component model, the LASG IAP Climate System Ocean Model, Version 2 (LICOM2). The dynamic bias correction is implemented at each step of LICOM2 during the hindcasts to reduce the systematic biases existing in upper-ocean temperature and salinity by incorporating multi-year monthly mean increments produced in the assimilation cycle. The effectiveness of the assimilation cycle and the role of the correction scheme were assessed prior to the hindcasts.