澳门近百年气候变化的多时间尺度特征

对澳门近百年的地表气温和降水等观测资料进行了统计分析和小波变换计算。结果表明,年/季节平均气温和年降雨量等气候变量的变化普遍存在2～5年周期的显著振荡,同时,振荡在时间域上有明显的局部性。年平均气温的周期约为60年的振荡与Atlantic multidecadal oscillation(AMO)密切相关,两者的位相相当一致。季节平均气温的变化存在明显的季节性差异,夏季和冬季分别有周期约为30年和60年的振荡,它们分别与Pacific decadal oscillation(PDO)和AMO的变化显著相关。前汛期降雨量和年蒸发量也有周期为几十年的年代际变化。     

风廓线仪研究现状与应用初探

风廓线仪是新一代大气遥感测风系统。简述了风廓线仪的工作原理,介绍了其应用研究现状,采用澳门和香港风廓线仪资料分析了热带风暴“圆规”影响时的特征,表明在热带风暴的影响下,风向转变非常快,并且在其登陆前后风向发生了明显的转变。从澳门和香港风廓线仪资料的对比及香港风廓线仪资料与探空资料的对比分析可见,风廓线仪测量的数据有较好的一致性,在珠江三角洲地区应用的前景是很广阔的。     

我国东部梅雨期降水的年际和年代际变化特征及其与大气环流和海温的关系

基于我国160站59年(1951～2009年)的月降水观测资料、美国气象环境预报中心和国家大气研究中心(NCEP/NCAR)提供的再分析资料和Hadley中心的海表温度(Sea Surface Temperature,简称SST)资料,对我国东部(100°E以东,15°N～40°N)梅雨期(6月和7月)降水的时空变化特...     

NUMERICAL SIMULATION STUDY OF THE INNER-CORE STRUCTURES AND THE MECHANISM FOR INSHORE STRENGTHENING OF SOUTH CHINA SEA TYPHOON VONGFONG (0214) DURING LANDFALL

An explicit simulation with a fine mesh at intervals of 6 km is used to explore the inner-core structures of Vongfong (0214). The dynamic mechanism for the inshore strengthening of Vongfong is examined. It is found as follows. (1) The radius of maximum wind of the axisymmetric structures of the typhoon decreased with height during its mature stage. When Vongfong was inshore, the strongest low-layer inflow located in front of it and the outflow was to the rear of it, which was just reversed from the Atlantic hurricanes and other Pacific typhoons. (2) The dynamic and thermodynamic fields were highly asymmetric in structure. Convection was stronger in the northwest quadrant of the typhoon than in the southeast; the strongest convective cloud bands were consistent with the maximum wind region. During its strengthening stage, it was cold west of and warm east of the eye in the lower layer but warm in the west and cold in the east of the mid-upper layer. During its mature stage, a warm-core structure was evident in the lower and middle-upper layer. (3) The interactions between a mid-latitude cold low in the middle-upper troposphere and the typhoon were responsible for the latter to strengthen inshore. Firstly, the outer circulation of the cold low entered the typhoon from the middle troposphere when an outer cold airflow from the cold low flowed into the northwest quadrant of the typhoon so that geopotentially instable energy increased and convection developed. Secondly, the downdraft in the cold low was just the corresponding branch of the secondary circulation of the typhoon system; when the cold low weakened while moving south, the typhoon strengthened inshore. Due to the CISK mechanism, these two phenomena might be realized.     

南海夏季风建立的气候特征Ⅰ——40年平均

使用NCEP 1958～1997年40年逐日12层再分析的格点气象资料,对南海地区（105～120°E,5～20°N）夏季风建立的气候特征进行分析,分析的时间尺度为5天（候）。将南海上空850hPa上暖湿的西南风定义为它的夏季风,这暖湿的西南风之θse必须大于335°K,风速须大于2m/s。南海夏季风的建立被定义为南海海域一半以上面积为夏季风所控制的初始时刻。分析结果发现:（1）南海夏季风的建立具有爆发性,爆发时间是5月第4候。（2） 南海夏季风的建立与孟加拉湾东部西南季风有密切关系,它是孟加拉湾西南季风爆发性的发展和东移的结果。（3）南海夏季风雨季是随着夏季风建立而建立的。（4） 在南海夏季风建立期间,南海及其邻近地区高低空环流都有急速的变化,在对流层低层表现为印度低槽的南扩和加深,在对流层中层表现为西太平洋副热带高压迅速东移撤出南海地区,在对流层高层最明显的变化是东风带迅速从南海中部向北扩展到整个南海地区。     

南海海温异常对华南气候影响的数值研究

采用NCEP／NCAR再分析的500hPa高度场、海温场(SST)、极冰资料，分析讨论了登陆广东省热带气旋活动异常与大气环流、极冰、SST、各种环流指数等影响因子之间的关系，得到登陆广东省热带气旋(TC)偏多、偏少年对应的大气环流、极冰、SST、各种环流指数的概念模型。分析结果表明：(1)亚欧大陆在秋、冬季中高纬度以经(纬)向环流为主，则次年登陆广东省的TC偏多(少)；(2)赤道东太平洋SST对热带气旋的影响最稳定和最明显，当1～4月赤道东太平洋SST偏暖(冷)时，当年登陆广东省的TC偏少(多)，次年登陆的TC偏多(少)；(3)夏、秋、冬季多(少)冰年，或者秋冬季连续多(少)冰年时，登陆热带气旋多为正常偏少(多)。     

CLIMATIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ONSET OF SOUTH CHINA SEA SUMMER MONSOON II. INTER-DECADAL VARIATION

By using the 40-year NCEP (1958-1997) grid point reanalysis meteorological data, we analyzed the inter-decadal variation on the climatic characteristics of the onset of South China Sea summer monsoon. The results are as follows. (1) There was great difference on the onset date of the SCS summer monsoon between the first two decades and the last two decades. It was late on the 6th pentad of May for the first two decades and was on the 4th and 5th pentad of May for the next two decades. (2) Except for the third decade (1978-1987), the establishment of the monsoon rainfall was one to two pentads earlier than the onset of the summer monsoon in all other three decades. (3) The onset of the SCS monsoon is the result of the abrupt development and eastward advancement of the southwesterly monsoon over the Bay of Bengal. The four-decade analysis shows that there were abrupt development of the southwesterly monsoon over the Bay of Bengal between the 3rd and 4th pentad of May, but there was great difference between its eastward movement and its onset intensity. These may have important effect to the earlier or later onset of the SCS summer monsoon. (4) During the onset of the SCS summer monsoon, there were great difference in the upper and lower circulation feature between the first two and the next two decades. At the lower troposphere of the first two decades, the Indian-Burma trough was stronger and the center of the subtropical high was located more eastward. At the upper troposphere, the northward movement of the center of subtropical high was large and located more northward after it landed on the Indo-China Peninsula. After comparison, we can see that the circulation feature of the last two decades was favorable to the establishment and development of the SCS summer monsoon.     

南海夏季风建立的气候特征Ⅱ—年代际变化

用NCEP 40年再分析格点气象资料对南海夏季风建立的气候特征的年限变化进行了分析，得到：（1）南海夏季风的建立时间前20年与后20年明显不同，前20年较晚为5月第6候，后20年则分别为5月的第4候和第5候，（2）除了第3个10年（1978－1987年）外，其余3个10年南海夏季风雨季的建立都比夏委风建立要早1至2候。（3）南海夏季风建立是孟加拉湾西南季风爆发性发展和东进的结果，4个10年孟加拉湾西南季风都在5月第3候及5月第4候有一个爆发性的发展过程，但它的东进速度及爆发强度却很不相同，这对南海夏季风建立时间的早晚有重要影响。（4）南海夏季风建立期间，前20年与后20年高低空环流形势相差很大，前20年与后20年相比对流层低层印缅槽较强而副热带高压中心位置偏东，对流层高层副热带高压中心移上中南半岛后北移距离较大，位置偏北，经过比较可以看出对于南海夏季风的建立和发展来看后20年的环流形势较为有利。     

华南暴雨中尺度对流系统的形成及湿位涡分析

利用MM5模式对发生在1998年5月23～24日华南暴雨和中尺度对流系统(Mesoscale Convective System,简称MCS)模拟的模式输出资料,根据湿位涡守恒原理和倾斜涡度发展理论分析了暴雨和MCS形成和发展的原因.结果表明,暴雨和MCS发生在倾斜湿等熵面具有弱对流稳定性的下陷区,沿湿等熵面下滑的冷空气与倾斜上升并具有较强对流有效位能的暖湿空气在下陷区会合的过程中经历了对流稳定性减小的过程,导致暴雨和MCS发生发展区域有气旋性的涡旋发展.对流发展区域的上空满足条件对称不稳定发生的条件,MCS中上升气流呈倾斜状态.由于湿等熵面倾斜,在暴雨和MCS的发展过程中,水平风垂直切变和湿斜压度的增大也有利于涡旋的发展,使暴雨和MCS得以维持.最后,给出了华南地区湿等熵面上暴雨和MCS发生发展的一个物理概念模型.     

1994年南海夏季风爆发的数值模拟和分析研究

1994年南海夏季风建立于5月第一候,利用MM5成功地模拟了这一过程,并通过敏感性试验,讨论了中纬度系统和中南半岛及其附近地区的积云对流对夏季风环流建立的影响,结果表明:(1)南下接近副热带一定强度的中纬度槽-锋系统的强迫,可引起南海地区副热带高压脊的减弱东撤,因而有利于南海夏季风的建立;(2)东移的中纬度高压脊与南亚高压的同相叠加是触发夏季风建立的重要因子之一,它引起南亚高压中心迅速北移至中南半岛的北部;(3)中南半岛及其附近地区的积云对流加热,对南海地区夏季风环流的建立也有重要的影响.