美国大规模调水的经济效益问题

Ⅰ.现有的与予计的调水情况美国的降水分布是很不均匀的。粗略地说,这个国家的东部水资源丰沛而西部则干旱少雨。所以,毫不足怪,东部的水质问题比较突出,而高部水量问题则占首要地位。因而,西部地区对跨流域调水抱有极大的兴趣。     

湖南近五年来之雾

一、日之天气 雾之形成,须有待於静隐层结乏气团。於时风力微弱,对流不盛。故凡以足以扰动气团层结之因子,如风力增大气温升高等,均类能防础雾之发生,尤以辐射类为然。兹将湘省之长沙、常德、衡阳三地雾日之天气状况分述於下:     

近年来人类活动影响下长江河口的变化模式

To evaluate the controlling factors for coastline change of the Changjiang(Yangtze River) Estuary since 1974,we extracted the mean high tide line from multi-temporal remote sensing images that span from 1974 to 2014 at 2-year intervals.We chose 42 scenes to constrain the changing pattern of the Changjiang Estuary coastline,and implemented GIS technology to analyze the area change of the Changjiang(Yangtze) Subaerial Delta.Runoff,sediment discharge and coastal engineering were withal considered in the analysis of the coastline changes.The coastline has transgressed seaward since 1974,and a part of it presents inter-annual variations.The area of the Changjiang Subaerial Delta increased by 871 km2,with a net accretion rate of 21.8 km2/a.Based on the change of sediment discharge due to the major projects in the Changjiang River Basin,we divided the changing pattern of the coastline into three stages:the slow accretion stage(1974–1986),the moderate accretion stage(1987–2002),and the rapid accretion stage(2003–2014).Liner regression analysis illustrated that there is a significantly positive correlation between the area changes and sediment discharge in the Chongming Eastern Shoal and Jiuduansha.This suggested that sediment load has a fundamental effect on the evolution of the Changjiang Estuary.Construction of Deep Waterway in the North Passage of the Changjiang River(1998–2010) led to a rapid accretion in the Hengsha Eastern Shoal and Jiuduansha by influencing the hydrodynamics in North Passage.Coastal engineering such as reclamation and harbor construction can also change the morphology of the Changjiang Estuary.We defined a contribution rate of area change to assess the impact of reclamation on the evolution of Changjiang Estuary.It turned out that more than 45.3% of area increment of the Changjiang Estuary was attributed to reclamation.     

苏北滨海湿地互花米草潮滩CO2,CH4和N2O通量的日变化规律

The invasions of the alien species such as Spartina alterniflora along the northern Jiangsu coastlines have posed a threat to biodiversity and the ecosystem function.Yet,limited attention has been given to their potential influence on greenhouse gas(GHG) emissions,including the diurnal variations of GHG fluxes that are fundamental in estimating the carbon and nitrogen budget.In this study,we examined the diurnal variation in fluxes of carbon dioxide(CO_2),methane(CH_4),and nitrous oxide(N2O) from a S.alterniflora intertidal flat in June,October,and December of 2013 and April of 2014 representing the summer,autumn,winter,and spring seasons,respectively.We found that the average CH_4 fluxes on the diurnal scale were positive during the growing season while negative otherwise.The tidal flat of S.alterniflora acted as a source of CH_4 in summer(June) and a combination of source and sink in other seasons.We observed higher diurnal variations in the CO_2 and N_2O fluxes during the growing season(1 536.5 mg CO_2 m~(–2) h~(–1) and 25.6 μg N_2O m~(–2) h~(–1)) compared with those measured in the non-growing season(379.1 mg CO_2 m~(–2) h~(–1) and 16.5 μg N_2O m~(–2) h~(–1)).The mean fluxes of CH_4 were higher at night than that in the daytime during all the seasons but October.The diurnal variation in the fluxes of CO_2 in June and N_2O in December fluctuated more than that in October and April.However,two peak curves in October and April were observed for the diurnal changes in CO_2 and N_2O fluxes(prominent peaks were found in the morning of October and in the afternoon of April,respectively).The highest diurnal variation in the N_2O fluxes took place at 15:00(86.4 μg N_2O m~(–2) h~(–1)) in June with an unimodal distribution.Water logging in October increased the emission of CO_2(especially at nighttime),yet decreased N_2O and CH_4 emissions to a different degree on the daily scale because of the restrained diffusion rates of the gases.The seasonal and diurnal variations of CH_4 and CO_2 fluxes did not correlate to the air and soil temperatures,whereas the seasonal and diurnal variation of the fluxes of N_2O in June exhibited a significant correlation with air temperature.When N_2O and CH_4 fluxes were converted to CO_2-e equivalents,the emissions of N_2O had a remarkable potential to impact the global warming.The mean daily flux(MF) and total daily flux(TDF) were higher in the growing season,nevertheless,the MF and TDF of CO_2 were higher in October and those of CH_4 and N_2O were higher in June.In spite of the difference in the optimal sampling times throughout the observation period,our results obtained have implications for sampling and scaling strategies in estimating the GHG fluxes in coastal saline wetlands.     

新春致辞

2005年,在各方面的共同努力下,《江苏地质》的编辑出版工作取得了一定的成绩,为江苏国土资源事业的进步和发展起到了宣传和推动作用。现在,《江苏地质》继续得到国土资源系统内外近100家单位的支持,江苏省地质学会各理事单位、各国土资源局以及有关科研事业单位也为办好《江苏地质》做出了很大的贡献。《江苏地质》已经成为国土资源系统广大干部和群众熟悉和认可的刊物。2006年1月28日,国务院出台了关于加强地质工作的决定,阐述了加强地质工作的重要意义、总体要求和基本原则,明确了地质工作的六项任务:突出能源矿产勘查,加强非能源重要矿产…     

西部荒漠地区的湿地和水禽多样性

我国西部荒漠地区约有自然和人工湿地 96 180km2 ,这些湿地按成因分为断层陷落积水成湿地 ,冰川湖湿地 ,地下水浅出湿地 ,灌溉退水湿地和人工湿地。栖息着《湿地公约》规定的水禽 14 2种 ,占我国水禽种数的5 4 .8% ,其中繁殖种类 74种 ,占 5 2 .1%。列入国家野生动物重点保护名录的 2 6种 ,占 18.3% ,占我国列入保护名录水禽种数的 5 0 .0 %。列入《濒危野生动植物物种国际贸易公约》(CITES)的 12种 ,占 8.4 % ;列入《中日候鸟及其栖息环境保护协定》的 84种 ,占 5 9.2 %。荒漠地区湿地对水禽迁徙、繁殖、越冬有着特殊重要的作用。自然环境改变 ,尤其气候变干旱和人类活动严重影响着荒漠地区湿地的存在 ,对水禽的物种多样性和种群数量产生了强烈影响。应加强荒漠地区湿地保护     

完善市场机制 管好土地资产

近年来全省土地使用制度改革不断走向深入，土地资产价值及其在经济建议中的作用日益凸显。总结了业已取得的成绩，提出了下一步全省土地资产管理工作的总体思路和工作重点。     

学习“三个代表” 推进依法行政强化国土资源法制建设

国土资源法制工作是国土资源各项工作的龙头，要从实践“三个代表”的高度，充分认识国土资源法制工作的重要性。强调指出：依法行政是建设廉洁、勤政、务实、高效政府的根本要求；进一步强化对行政权力的监督制约机制是贯彻落实“三个代表”重要思想的要求；依法行政必须进一步深行政管理体制改革；依法行政必须正确处理职权与责任的关系；推行依法行政的同时必须加强行政职业道德建设。在强调进一步加强对国土资源法制工作领导时指出：一要切实转变国土资源工作的领导方式；二是立足经济发展，加强政策创新研究；三要强化国土资源法制机构和法制队伍建设，高度重视法制机构作用的发挥和法制队伍素质的提高。     

地下水资源系统模糊管理模型及计算方法

在研究解决地下水资源系统管理问题时．通常没有考虑人在思维和行动上所具有的模糊性，没有或很少顾及和采纳、运用决策者或领域专家的知识、经验和创造性，所获得的研究成果实用性效差，很难为生产部门或决策部门采纳和运用．本文利用模糊数学规划的理论和方法，分析和研究地下水资源系统的模糊管理问题，建立模糊管理模型，提出一种模糊分步线性规划方法．实例计算、分析表明，所建立的模型和提出的方法是有效的和实用的．