陶诗言先生在中国暴雨发生条件和机制研究中的贡献

作者在1998年庆贺陶诗言先生八十华诞的文集中曾专题阐述和评价了陶先生对中国暴雨研究的贡献。 至今十五年过去了,陶诗言先生虽已于2012年仙逝,但其深邃的科学思想依然闪烁着智慧的火花。他在中国暴雨研究中留下的宝贵遗产不但深刻影响过去和现代两代人的暴雨研究和业务发展,而且也将继续影响将来的中国暴雨研究。本文是对陶诗言先生在中国暴雨的研究中所作的贡献并结合现代研究的成果作进一步介绍和评价。主要集中在暴雨发生的动力和热力条件与机理方面。全文内容包括六个方面:（1）季节突变对中国梅雨爆发的影响;（2）暴雨发生的多尺度相互作用;（3）暖湿季风输送带对北方大暴雨的影响;（4）高空急流对暴雨的作用;（5）暴雨和强对流发生的物理条件;（6）地形对暴雨的作用     

全球气候变化的区域响应：中国西北地区气候“暖湿化”趋势、成因及预估研究进展与展望

西北地区是中国西部大开发的主战场和重要的生态环境安全屏障区,该区气候变化直接影响到“一带一路”倡议实施中的水资源、生态和环境安全。在全球气候变化背景下,西北地区气候呈现出明显的“暖湿化”现象并呈东扩发展趋势,极端降水事件趋多趋强。一方面,降水量的增加有利于该地区的水资源可持续利用和生态环境保护;另一方面,极端降水的增加也对区域综合防灾减灾提出了新挑战。针对近年来备受关注的西北地区气候“暖湿化”问题,从其演变特征、形成原因和物理机制以及未来趋势预估等方面进行了总结和评述,归纳了已有的科学共识,并进一步剖析了当前研究中存在的问题和不足,最后对未来科学研究的重点方向进行了展望。对西北地区气候“暖湿化”趋势、成因及未来预估进行系统回顾,将对今后深入研究西北地区气候“暖湿化”问题具有重要的科学指导意义。     

DIAGNOSTIC ANALYSIS OF PERSISTENT DROUGHT/FLOOD EVENTS IN SUMMER OVER THE TWO-LAKE REGION OF CHINA

Based on the daily regional mean rainfall,the Z-index method is used to identify persistent flood and drought events lasting for at least 10 days over a region where Dongting Lake and Poyang Lake sit(referred to as the"two-lake region"hereafter).The National Centers for Environmental Prediction(NCEP)reanalysis data are then utilized to perform a preliminary diagnostic analysis on these events.The results indicate that the composite standardized geopotential height at 500 hPa presents two different meridional wave trains from north to south over the East Asian-Pacific region,i.e.,a"-+-"pattern for the droughts and a"+-+"pattern for the floods,respectively.The developing,maintaining and decaying phases in the drought and flood events are closely related to the intensity and location of a subtropical high and an extra-tropical blocking high.It is shown that the East Asian summer monsoon is strong(weak)with the occurrence of persistent drought(flood)events.Droughts(floods)are accompanied by a weak(strong)tropical convergent system and a strong(weak)subtropical convergent system.Furthermore,the persistent drought(flood)events are associated with a divergence(convergence)of vertically integrated water vapor flux.In the vertical profile of water vapor flux,divergence(convergence)in the mid-and lower-levels and convergence(divergence)in the higher levels are evident in the droughts(floods).Both the divergence in the droughts and the convergence in floods are strongest at 850 hPa.     

盘点2011国内外十大天气气候事件--解读2011旱涝急转

2011年12月30日下午,中国气象局举办的“2011年国内外十大天气气候事件”评选结果揭晓。     

太行山东麓焚风天气的统计特征和机理分析Ⅱ:背风波对焚风产生和传播影响的个例分析

利用中尺度模式WRF3.3对太行山东麓焚风典型个例进行了数值模拟。结果表明,太行山东麓焚风的发生和移动与山脉背风波密切相关。由此建立了太行山东麓焚风的概念模型:西北或偏西气流途经山西盆地、山西境内的山脉或高原,再越过太行山,在其东麓形成背风波。背风波的下沉气流气温按干绝热方式上升,同时下沉气流也会对低层大气产生压缩增温效应,使得太行山东麓产生焚风。背风波即为重力波,可以伴随着下沉气流向下游移动,正变温区同时也向东移动。变温区移动的速度和重力波的传播速度相同。背风波的产生,需要Scorer数向上足够的减小,而且不连续,即要求大气是稳定的且存在明显的风速切变。     

我国西北地区21世纪季节气候变化情景分析

使用各国政府间气候变化专门委员会(IPCC)数据分发中心提供的7个全球海气耦合气候系统模式(CCC、CCSR、CSIRO、DKRZ、GFDL、HADL、NCAR)的模拟结果,对我国西北地区未来21世纪考虑温室气体增加(GG)和温室气体与硫化物气溶胶共同影响(GS)时,冬夏季的气候变化情景进行了分析.模式集成结果分析表明,我国西北地区的变暖趋势与全球、东亚和中国一致,但变暖幅度明显高于全球、东亚和中国.对未来100年各个季节线性倾向的分析表明,西北地区GG和GS时都是冬季变暖最大,可高达5～8℃/100a,且整个西北地区中新疆地区为最大变暖区.21世纪由于人类活动,西北地区最低温度和最高温度都将明显升高,其线性趋势可达4～6℃/100 a.由于全球气候模式对区域尺度的模拟存在较大的不确定性,未来需要作更多的深入研究.     

ROLE OF A WARM AND WET TRANSPORT CONVEYOR OF ASIAN SUMMER MONSOON IN A BEIJING HEAVY RAINSTORM ON JULY 21, 2012

A heavy rainstorm named Beijing “7.21” heavy rainstorm hit Beijing on 21 to 22 July 2012, which is recorded as the most severe rainstorm since 1951. The daily precipitation amount in many stations in Beijing has broken the history record. Based on the NCAR/NCEP reanalysis data and precipitation observation,the large-scale conditions which caused the “7.21” heavy rainstorm are investigated, with the emphasis on the relationship between it and an equatorial convergence zone, Asian summer monsoon as well as the tropical cyclone over the ocean from the Philippines to the South China Sea (SCS). The results indicated that a great deal of southerly warm and wet moisture carried by northward migrating Asian summer monsoon provided plenty of moisture supplying for the “7.21” heavy rainstorm. When the warm and wet moisture met with the strong cold temperature advection induced by cold troughs or vortexes, an obviously unstable stratification formed, thus leading to the occurrence of heavy precipitation. Without this kind of intense moisture transport, the rainstorm only relying on the role of the cold air from mid- and higher- latitudes could not reach the record-breaking intensity. Further research suggested that the northward movement of an Asian monsoonal warm and wet moisture transport conveyor (MWWTC) was closely related with the active phase of a 30-60 day intra-seasonal oscillation of the Asian summer monsoon. During this time, the monsoon surge triggered and maintained the northward movement of the MWWTC. In addition, compared with another heavy rainstorm named “63.8” heavy rainstorm, which occurred over the Huaihe River Basin in the mid-August 1963 and seriously affected North China, a similar MWWTC was also observed. It was just the intense interaction of the MWWTC with strong cold air from the north that caused this severe rain storm.     

云南雨季开始期东亚副热带西风急流变化和冷空气活动

利用1961—2010年NCEP/NCAR逐日再分析资料和云南站点降水资料,通过数理统计和动力诊断方法分析了东亚副热带西风急流(东亚急流)的低频变化特征、形成机理及其与云南雨季开始的关系。研究显示,东亚急流南移增强是云南雨季开始的重要触发因子,即伴随云南雨季开始东亚急流明显南移且强度增强,急流入口区的垂直环流也随之南移增强,而云南正好处于垂直环流上升支的影响范围;与此同时,东亚中纬度冷空气活跃,急流入口区的垂直环流下沉支为干冷气流,十分有利于对流层中低层冷暖空气在云南交汇形成降水。上述过程与欧亚大陆中高纬10～30天低频波列(EU型)的传播密切相关,当波列上的冷性气旋在东亚上空向东南方向移动时即可造成副热带西风急流的增强南移和冷空气的活跃南下。分析还显示EU型波列对4—7月的云南降水也有显著影响,并且波列的年际异常及其与夏季风的相互作用是影响云南雨季开始早晚的重要原因。      

气候模式中云辐射反馈过程机理的评述

云对地气系统的辐射收支具有十分重要的作用,云辐射参数化是目前气候模式中不确定性的主要来源。云可以通过多种途径对辐射产生影响,形成不同符号、不同量值的反馈机制。研究表明,模式气候对不同的云辐射参数化方案十分敏感。预报云水含量方案的引入,改进了对云辐射过程的模拟,但与观测资料相比仍有差距。一般说来,模式中引入云水的相变和相互作用的云粒子大小产生负反馈,而光学厚度和云量产生的是正反馈。云辐射反馈的净作用其大小和符号因模式而异。云辐射与大尺度天气气候背景之间有着紧密的联系,尤其是海温对辐射平衡有显著影响。最后总结了当前云辐射研究中存在的主要问题,并提出了改进的途径。