土壤的冷生构造及其对阿拉斯加土地利用的意义

Cryogenic structure (patterns made by ice inclusions) in seasonally frozen and permafrost-af-fected soils result from ice formation during freezing. Analysis of cryogenic structures in soils is essential to our understanding of the cryogenic processes in soils and to formulating land use management interpretations. When soils freeze, the freezing front moves downward and attracts water moving upward resulting in mainly horizontal lenticular ice formation. Platy and lenticular soil structures form between ice lenses in upper active layer. The reticular soil structure usually forms above the permafrost table caused by freeze-back of the permafrost. The upward freeze-back resulted in platy soil structure and the volume changes following the annual freeze-thaw cycle resulted in vertical cracks. The combined result is an ice-net formation with mineral soils embedded in the ice net. The upper permafrost layer that used to be a part of the active layer has an ice content exceeding 50% due to repeated freeze-thaw cycles over time. The mineral soils appear in blocks embedded in an ice matrix. The permafrost layer that never experienced the freeze-thaw cycle often consists of alternate layers of thin ice lens and frozen soils with extreme hard consistence and has relatively lower ice content than the ice-rich layer of the upper permafrost. Ice contents and thaw settling potentials associated with each cryogenic structure should be considered in engineering and land use interpretations.     

Carbon isotopic studies of individual lipids in organisms from the Nansha sea area, China

Sediments contain abundant lipid compounds in general, which are used as biomarker compounds to study organic matter sources and reconstruct the pa-laeoenvironments[1—7]. However, lipid compounds in sediments are generally a mixture of various genetic components so that it is difficult to correctly decouple their biological sources only by the results of bio-chemical researches. Carbon isotopic studies of indi-vidual sedimentary lipid compounds can discover their genetic information, which pr…     

Differential retardation of organic matter maturation by overpressure

Thetraditionalhydrocarbongenerationmodeldoesnottakeintoaccounttheeffectofpressure[1].Astotheroleofpressureinorganicmattermaturationandpetroleumgeneration,threeconflictingopinionshaveeverbeenproposed:(1)Increasingpressurehasnodetectableeffectonorganic-mattermaturation[1,2];(2)increasingpressureenhanceshydrocarbon-thermaldestruction[3];(3)increasingpressuresignificantlyretardsorganic-mattermaturationandhydrocarbongeneration[4,5].Therearemorethan180overpressuredbasinsintheworld.Theroleofoverpress…     

~(40)Ar/~(39)Ar dating of shear deformation of the Xianshuihe fault zone in west Sichuan and its tectonic significance

TheNW-SEstrikingXianshuihefaultzoneslicesthesoutheasternTibetanPlateauandconnectssoutheastwardwiththeAnninghe-Zemuhe-Xiaojiangfaultzone,whichformahuge,activesinistralstrike-slipfaultzone(fig.1).ThisfaultzoneisanimportantseismicfaultineastTibet[1-5].EarthquakegeologystudiesandoffsetpatternsofyounggeologicalfeatureshaveshownthatlateQuaternarysinistralsliprateoftheXianshuihefaultzonereaches13mm/a[1,2].TheXianshuhefaultzoneconsistsoftwomainbranches,theDaofufaultbranchinthewestandtheXianshuih…     

A comparative study on the illite crystallinity and the clay mineral reflectance spectral index for subdividing the very low-grade metamorphic belt along the Lizhou-Hekou geological section in the Youjiang sedimentary basin, Guangxi, China

To examine the application potential of hyperspectral remote sensing techniques in classifying very low-grade metamorphic belts, the composition of clay minerals and the cyrstallinity of illite from mudstones were measured using XRD and VIS-SWIR (400-2500 nm) reflectance spectroscopy. Based on the illite cyrstallinity, Kubler Index (KI), the Early Triassic LuoLou Group and the Middle Triassic lower Baifeng Formation were classified as the lower Epizone with KI△2θ° ranging from 0.22 to 0.25, the upper Baifeng Formation as upper anchizone with KI△2θ°ranging from 0.26 to 0.33, and the Hekou Formation as lower anchizone with KI△2θ° ranging from 0.38 to 0.40. According to a KI△2θ° value of 0.43, it is possible that there may exist a local diagenetic zone in the upper strata. The illite cyrstallinity Kubler index and the metamorphic grade increase from the bottom to the top of the stratigraphic sequence. The metamorphic grade boundaries nearly match the stratigraphic boundaries, indicating a burial metamorphism nature for the stratigraphic sequence. From the bottom to the top of the sequence, the spectral absorption band center of clay minerals from fresh rocks is around 2200 nm. The absorption band centers change towards shorter wavelengths: the Luolou Group being at 2220 nm, the Baifeng Formation at 2217-2213 nm, the lower member of the Hekou Formation at 2214-2206 nm, and the upper member of the Hekou Formation at 2205-2197 nm. The spectral absorption band center of illite shows the same change pattern. These results indicate that very low-grade metamorphic belts can be subdivided using spectral indices of clay minerals, which are measured by using field portable spectroradiometers. However, it may not work well with satellite and airborne sensors.     

西天山古俯冲带深部流体来源——来自高压变质带內高压脉和主岩的Pb,Sr同位素证据

对西天山高压变质带内高压脉的研究表明, 高压脉与寄主岩石具总体一致的Pb和Sr同位素组成, 高压脉206Pb/204Pb, 207Pb/204Pb, 208Pb/204Pb及87Sr/86Sr (t = 340 Ma)分别为17.122~17.431, 15.477~15.611, 37.432~38.689和0.70529~0.70705; 主岩上述比值为17.605~17.834, 15.508~15.564, 37.080~38.145和0.70522~0.70685. 与主岩相比, 高压脉具大得多的Pb同位素组成变化. 高压脉和主岩Rb/Ba, Ce/Pb, Nb/U和Ta/U比值均介于洋岛玄武岩(OIB)或洋中脊玄武岩(MORB)与陆壳间, 显示有陆壳物质混入. 西天山古俯冲带深部成脉流体为来自具I类富集地幔特征的大洋玄武岩(主岩原岩)进变质脱水与来自俯冲沉积物(包括陆源沉积物)进变质脱水形成的两种流体的混合.     

斐济一汤加地幔过渡带的地震波各向异性

论述了一个不常见的、明显的过渡带(TZ)各向异性的实例，证据来自于许多比垂直偏振剪切波(SV)早到3S的水平偏振剪切波(SH)。各向异性区与远离活动俯冲带及已知的纵、横波速度横向非均匀体边界的深震相关。我们把这一各向异性区解释为与岩石层残骸中的巨大岩石异常体有关的强组构，这个巨大的岩石异常体悬浮并滞留于过渡带中。冷板块的快速俯冲非常适合于这种组构的形成，因此板块穿透到下地幔并不能普遍发生。     

冬小麦遥感冠层温度监测土壤含水量的试验研究

在冬小麦主要生育期(2002年4月初到5月底),对不灌溉的冬小麦测定了冠层温度、地温、气温以及土壤含水量,计算了冠气温差且分析了冠层温度和冠气温差与不同土层厚度的土壤含水量相关关系。结果表明:14:00的冠层温度能较好地反映20cm土层的土壤含水量变化,但与其它各土层相关性有较大的波动性;14:00的冠气温差能较好地反映40cm以上土层的土壤含水量变化,二者的相关性很高,在20cm、40cm土层,两者相关系数R2分别为0.98866、0.99389,这为用区域遥感数据反演主要生育期冬小麦的冠气温差进而监测区域40cm土壤含水量提供了实验性的依据;拔节期和灌浆期,用14:00冠气温差来拟合各土壤层的土壤含水量有较高的精度,从而为用区域遥感数据监测区域土壤含水量提供了经验性的模型。     

全球40～150s的勒夫波和瑞利波相速度分布

尽管对地球的三维结构已有了很多了解，但现有地球模型没有充分引入已知的近地表较大的结构扰动。例如，大陆和海洋地壳结构差异是久为人知的，这种差异在沿着人陆和海洋路径传播的勒夫波和瑞利波的频散表现得很明显，而且在周期小丁100s时这种差异更大。现有的全球模型不能充分解释这种现象，由于全球地壳参数不完整，模型中对地壳结构的考虑是很近似的。因此，地壳厚度变化产生的模型假象延伸到很深处。这可以认为是现存全球模型分辨率不精确的一种表现。为了建立较高分辨率的地球外层(0～200km)模型，必须通过对近地表介质深度分布细节敏感的数据分析获得对近地表结构更加精确的认识。首先，我们分析了大量的基阶勒夫波和瑞利波波形资料，得到了周期40～150s的全球相速度分布图，确定了大约24000条GDSN和GEOSCOPE在1980～1990年间数字地震记录沿短大圆路径和长大圆路径的相速度。为了自动测量相速度，我们发展了非线性波形反演法。在这种方法中，速度和振幅，作为频率的函数，以B-样条展开。波形数据朋来反演B-样条系数，为了避免如振幅谱缺口引起的不良效应，相位模糊的问题引入了明确的光滑度约束。价值函数(最小二乘意义上的最小化)代表了许多局部极小值，并且需要一个较好的初始模型，我们刚群速度积分得到该模型。然后，用这种新方法所得测量结果反演全球勒夫波和瑞利波相速度分布，以球谐函数展开的形式表示。我们给出了直到40阶的相速度分布图。这些分布图作了冈球谐函数展开截断可能引起的人为误差。我们给出了详细的分辨率分析，全球面波层析成像的横向分辨率约2000km。勒夫波相速度，在长周期与已知上地幔结构相关性较高，在短周期与地壳结构相关性较高。同样地，瑞利波相速度与已知构造特征的一致性较好，由于结构采样深度不同，并没有反映出明显的地壳特征。     

合理设计岩屑规程保证正常钻进条件——金刚石钻进技术专题之一

论述了正常钻进的条件，提出了合理岩屑规程是保证正常钻进的关键和设计钻头的主要依据之一，讨论了岩屑规程与金刚石钻头唇面工作状态、孔底表面粗糙度和岩屑粒度的关系，提出了相应的建议。