An Overview of the Second Generation Adjusted Daily Precipitation Dataset for Trend Analysis in Canada

A second generation adjusted precipitation daily dataset has been prepared for trend analysis in Canada. Daily rainfall and snowfall amounts have been adjusted for 464 stations for known measurement issues such as wind undercatch, evaporation and wetting losses for each type of rain-gauge, snow water equivalent from ruler measurements, trace observations and accumulated amounts from several days. Observations from nearby stations were sometimes combined to create time series that are longer; hence, making them more useful for trend studies. In this new version, daily adjustments are an improvement over the previous version because they are derived from an extended dataset and enhanced metadata knowledge. Datasets were updated to cover recent years, including 2009. The impact of the adjustments on rainfall and snowfall total amounts and trends was examined in detail. As a result of adjustments, total rainfall amounts have increased by 5 to 10% in southern Canada and by more than 20% in the Canadian Arctic, compared to the original observations, while the effect of the adjustments on snowfall were larger and more variable throughout the country. The slope of the rain trend lines decreased as a result of the larger correction applied to the older rain-gauges while the slope of the snow trend lines increased, mainly along the west coast and in the Arctic. Finally, annual and seasonal rainfall and snowfall trends based on the adjusted series were computed for 1950–2009 and 1900–2009. Overall, rainfall has increased across the country while a mix of non-significant increasing and decreasing trends was found during the summer in the Canadian Prairies. Snowfall has increased mainly in the north while a significant decrease was observed in the southwestern part of the country for 1950–2009.

     

Implementing adaptation in developed countries: an analysis of progress and trends

Little attention has been paid thus far to the experiences of developed countries in adapting to climate change. This article addresses this research gap by providing an assessment of broad trends in progress on planning and implementing adaptation in developed countries. Primary inputs are the National Communications (NCs) by these countries to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), although the article also discusses illustrative examples of recent adaptation activities that have not been covered in the NCs. NCs reflect ‘whole government’ perspectives and follow a standardized reporting format, which facilitates cross-national comparisons. The analysis shows that impacts and adaptation receive limited attention within NCs. The discussion on impacts and adaptation has typically been dominated by climate scenarios and impacts analysis, while the discussion on adaptation is often limited to the identification of generic options. There are signs of recent progress, however, in the Third and especially the Fourth NCs, in which a growing number of developed countries report on establishing frameworks for adaptation and on efforts to implement adaptation measures that take future climate into account. Although an encouraging sign, it is still too early to assess the eventual impact of such measures.     

Spectral analysis of the background in ground-based, long-slit spectroscopy

This paper examines the variations, because of atmospheric extinction, of broad-band visible spectra, obtained from long-slit spectroscopy, in the vicinity of some stars, nebulae, and one faint galaxy.     

Non-Radial Pulsations in Components of Symbiotic Stars

Photometric observations of symbiotic stars in the blue and in the red spectral regions make it possible to reveal non-radial oscillations both of the cool and of the hot components. Light variations of red giants in the symbiotic systems CI Cyg and AG Peg show several periods in the 10–80^d range, interpreted as p-mode pulsations. These modes are excited by a bright spot produced by radiation flux from the hot component. The spot moves on the red giant’s photosphere at a velocity close to the sound speed. During the active phase of the symbiotic star CH Cyg, at least 25 frequencies of oscillations in the 150–6000 s range of periods were found in the light of the white dwarf. Their features correspond to non-radial g-modes. In the frame of 2D gas dynamical non-adiabatic models, the interaction between gas flows and the accretion disk leads to formation of a system of shock waves propagating towards the compact object, which is one of possible mechanisms to excite non-radial pulsations of white dwarfs in symbiotic systems.     

The microwave structure of coronal condensations and its relation to proton flares

Active regions on the Sun in the 20th solar cycle are studied with special reference to their association with proton flares based on microwave interferometric observations at Toyokawa Observatory. It has been reconfirmed that the active regions associated with intense S-component emission with a high 3-cm to 8-cm flux ratio are likely to produce proton flares. About one fourth of 259 active regions during the period investigated are found to have definite features in the spatial distribution of polarization at a wavelength of 3 cm. Active regions with one particular type of polarization pattern have a good correlation with the occurrence of proton flares.     

A generalization of Szebehely's equation for three dimensions

Szebehely's equation for the potential generating a prescribed family of orbits in two dimensions is generalized for three-dimensional orbits. A simultaneous system of first-order linear partial differential equations is derived for the determination of the potential in the three-dimensional case. Solutions of this system are found in several cases including Kepler's problem too.Paper presented at the 1981 Oberwolfach Conference on Mathematical Methods in Celestial Mechanics.This paper is dedicated to Professor Victor Szebehely on the occasion of his 60th birthday.