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31.
Zbigniew W. Kundzewicz Mikołaj Piniewski Abdelkader Mezghani Tomasz Okruszko Iwona Pińskwar Ignacy Kardel Øystein Hov Mateusz Szcześniak Małgorzata Szwed Rasmus E. Benestad Paweł Marcinkowski Dariusz Graczyk Andreas Dobler Eirik J. Førland Joanna O’Keefe Adam Choryński Kajsa M. Parding Jan Erik Haugen 《Acta Geophysica》2018,66(6):1509-1523
The present paper offers a brief assessment of climate change and associated impact in Poland, based on selected results of the Polish–Norwegian CHASE-PL project. Impacts are examined in selected sectors, such as water resources, natural hazard risk reduction, environment, agriculture and health. Results of change detection in long time series of observed climate and climate impact variables in Poland are presented. Also, projections of climate variability and change are provided for time horizons of 2021–2050 and 2071–2100 for two emission scenarios, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 in comparison with control period, 1971–2000. Based on climate projections, examination of future impacts on sectors is also carried out. Selected uncertainty issues relevant to observations, understanding and projections are tackled as well. 相似文献
32.
Øystein Hov 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》1984,1(2):187-202
Model calculations and field measurements have shown that when air masses accumulate emissions of hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides from sources in continental Europe and then move towards Scandinavia without any synoptic scale break-up of the atmospheric boundary layer (e.g. frontal passages), elevated PAN concentrations in southern Norway or Sweden in the range 1–5 ppb may be caused by long-range transport. The model calculations showed that over sea, the persistence of PAN was comparable to that of ozone in an ageing air mass when the temperatures were fairly low (5–10°C). At higher temperatures the thermal decomposition of PAN made the compound less persistent than ozone. Over land, the situation may be different since the ground removal is typically three times more efficient for ozone than for PAN.According to the model, the concentration of PAN did not change very much when an ageing air mass was exposed to moderate emissions of hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, or both. The concentration of PAN decreased less than the concentration of ozone when an ageing air mass was exposed to high emissions of nitrogen oxides. 相似文献
33.
Øystein Elgarøy Mirt Gramann Ofer Lahav 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2002,333(1):93-99
We allow a more general (step-function) form of the primordial power spectrum than the usual featureless power-law Harrison–Zeldovich (with spectral index n =1) power spectrum, and fit it to the latest cosmic microwave background data sets. Although the best-fitting initial power spectrum can differ significantly from the power-law shape, and contains a dip at scales k ∼0.003 h Mpc-1 , we find that Ωm ≈0.24 , consistent with previous analyses that assume power-law initial fluctuations. We also explore the feasibility of the early releases of the 2dF and Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) galaxy redshifts surveys to see these features, and we find that even if features exist in the primordial power spectrum, they are washed out by the window functions of the redshift surveys on scales k <0.03 h Mpc-1 . 相似文献
34.
Ivar S. A. Isaksen Øystein Hov Stuart A. Penkett Arne Semb 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》1985,3(1):3-27
A 2-D meridional model for the chemistry and transport in the troposphere is used to study the seasonal variation of the concentration of organic gases like C2H2, C2H6, C3H8, C6H6, C7H8. CHCl3 and C2Cl4 at high latitudes. The anthropogenic sources for these species were estimated, and the temporal and latitudinal distribution of OH and O3 was calculated using a complex photochemical reaction system. There is fair agreement between the calculated annual variation and the measured concentrations for C2H2, C2H6, C3H8, C7H8 and C2Cl4 at Spitsbergen during July 1982 and March/April 1983, with a distinct late winter maximum and summer minimum. For CHCl3, the direct anthropogenic source is minor compared to indirect anthropogenic or natural sources. For benzene, emission in car exhaust is important, but other anthropogenic sources are required for the calculations to agree with the measurements. Measured C2H4 and C3H6 concentrations are much higher than the calculated ones based on anthropogenic emissions, and show opposite seasonal trends. This indicates biogenic sources for these compounds.A buildup of PAN (300 pptv) is calculated at high latitudes during winter. This makes it the dominant source for NOx as the temperature increases in the spring. NOx is found to be a limiting factor for O3 production at high latitudes during spring. 相似文献
35.
The fluxes of ozone and NOx out of the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) over Europe are calculated in a mesoscale chemical transport model (MCT) and compared with the net chemical production or destruction of ozone and the emissions of precursors within the ABL for two 10 days' periods which had quite different synoptic situations and levels of photochemical activity (1–10 July 1991 (JUL91) and 26 October–4 November 1994 (ON94)). Over the European continent, about 8% of the NOx emissions were brought from the ABL to the free troposphere as NOx, while about 15% of the NOx emissions were brought to the free troposphere as NOy–NOx, i.e. as PAN or HNO3. The convection dominates over the synoptic scale vertical advection as a transport mechanism both for NOx and NOy out of the boundary layer in the summertime high pressure situation (JUL91), while in the fall situation (ON94) the convective part was calculated to be the smallest. NOx was almost completely transformed to NOy–NOx or removed within the ABL. Also for NOy the major part of the atmospheric cycle is confined to the ABL both for JUL91 and ON94. The vertical transport time out of the ABL is of the order of 100h both for the total model domain and over the European continent. The net convective exchange of ozone from the ABL is not a dominant process for the amount of ozone in the ABL averaged over 10 days and the whole domain, but convection reduces the maximum ozone concentration in episodes significantly. The ozone producing efficiency of NOx is calculated to increase with height to typically 15–20 in the upper half of the troposphere from around 5 in the ABL, but in the middle free troposphere the concentration of NOx is often too low to cause net chemical formation of ozone there. 相似文献
36.
37.
ABSTRACTThe video game industry is often portrayed as a ‘footloose industry’ in which electronic goods can be produced and distributed from any location without positive or negative effects from factors such as resources or proximity to market. Hence, a conventional assumption is that the role of place is greatly diminished in the case of such industries. The author tests this assumption by analysing firms’ practice in a game developer community in Bergen, Norway, and the spatiality of linkages between the community and the environment. He proposes an alternative analytical framework for understanding practice in the industry, one that recognizes that a firm's practice is either embedded within or related to networks and institutional structures. The question of how contextual conditions, embeddedness and networks are treated in the literature on innovation is discussed, and the concept of community as an analytical concept is introduced and applied. After showing how practice in the case community has evolved within the cultural, social and territorial context, the author concludes that a portrayal of the game industry as a ‘footloose industry’ disembedded from its surroundings should be avoided, and instead the dynamic relationship between actors, context and practice should be heeded. 相似文献
38.
C. Reimann P. Englmaier B. Flem L. Gough P. Lamothe Ø. Nordgulen D. Smith 《Applied Geochemistry》2009
Forty soil O- and C-horizon samples were collected along a south-to-north transect extending inland for approximately 200 km from the southern tip of Norway. The elements As, Au, Bi, Cd, Cu, Ga, Ge, Hf, Hg, In, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, V, W, Zn and Zr all show a distinct decrease in concentration in soil O-horizons with increasing distance from the coast. The elements showing the strongest coastal enrichment, some by more than an order of magnitude compared to inland samples, are Au, Bi, As, Pb, Sb and Sn. Furthermore, the elements Cd (median O-/median C-horizon = 31), C, Sb, Ag, K, S, Ge (10), Hg, Pb, As, Bi, Sr (5), Se, Au, Ba, Na, Zn, P, Cu and Sn (2) are all strongly enriched in the O-horizon when compared to the underlying C-horizon. Lead isotope ratios, however, do not show any gradient with distance from the coast (declining Pb concentration). Along a 50 km topographically steep east–west transect in the centre of the survey area, far from the coast but crossing several vegetation zones, similar element enrichment patterns and concentration gradients can be observed in the O-horizon. Lead isotope ratios in the O-horizon correlate along both transects with pH and the C/N-ratio, both proxies for the quality of the organic material. Natural conditions in southern Norway, related to climate and vegetation, rather than long range atmospheric transport of air pollutants (LRT), cause the observed features. 相似文献
39.
?ystein Pettersen 《Computational Geosciences》2012,16(2):211-230
The layering in reservoir simulation grids is often based on the geology, e.g., structure tops. In this paper we investigate
the alternative of using horizontal layers, where the link to the geology model is by the representation of the petrophysics
alone. The obvious drawback is the failure to honor the structure in the grid geometry. On the other hand, a horizontal grid
will honor the initial fluid contacts perfectly, and horizontal wells can also be accurately represented. Both these issues
are vital in thin oil-zone problems, where horizontal grids may hence be a viable alternative. To investigate this question,
a number of equivalent simulation models were built for a segment of the Troll Field, both geology-based and horizontal, and
various combinations of these. In the paper, it is demonstrated that the horizontal grid was able to capture the essentials
of fluid flow with the same degree of accuracy as the geology-based grid, and near-well flow was considerably more accurate.
For grids of comparable resolution, more reliable results were obtained by a horizontal grid than a geo-grid. A geo-grid with
local grid refinement and a horizontal grid produced almost identical results, but the ratio of computing times was almost
20 in favor of the horizontal grid. In the one-phase regions of the reservoir, relatively coarse cells can be used without
significant loss of accuracy. 相似文献
40.
We challenge some of the long-standing beliefs related to the Permian Oslo Rift structure, often referred to as a case example/type locality for continental rifting. The crustal structure of the Oslo Rift was long presumed to be thinned Proterozoic crust overlying a Permian high-density layer, interpreted as magmatic underplating. New data support an alternative view of the crustal structure in the Oslo Rift region. The Bouguer gravity high in the region shows a strong asymmetry: a steep, westward-facing gradient to the west of the rift, and a much gentler eastern gradient. We present a 3D density model based on petrophysical and seismic information, which accounts for the Bouguer gravity high using an eastward extension of old Precambrian structures, without invoking a prominent magmatic underplated structure. Reactivation of old pre-rift structures appears to be an important feature, affecting the evolution and location of the Permo-Carboniferous Oslo Rift. 相似文献