后压浆技术在孟加拉国灌注桩施工中的应用

孟加拉国某新建燃煤电厂项目所处场地属于海相沉积地层,桩基工程采用钻孔灌注桩。为了解决孟加拉国新的施工工况带来的新的施工问题,按照中国的工程建设标准进行施工,并采用旋挖钻孔灌注桩后压浆施工技术,很好地解决了钻孔沉渣和桩侧泥皮对基桩承载力的影响,提高了基桩承载力,试验检测结果表明,达到了Ⅰ类桩的标准。通过后压浆技术在本项目的成功应用,总结出现场操作控制措施,为“一带一路”国家钻孔灌注桩后压浆施工技术提供借鉴经验。     

安徽庐江黄屯地区铁矿成矿条件分析及找矿方向

通过对安徽省庐江黄屯地区铁矿以往地质资料的收集、整理、研究以及近年来在该区及周边区域开展的地质找矿等野外实地工作,系统分析了该地区铁矿床成矿条件,总结了成矿规律,为该类型矿床的成矿预测提供依据。     

Eco-environmental degradation in the northeastern margin of the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau and comprehensive ecological protection planning

The regional hydrology and ecosystems of the northeastern margin of the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau have changed over the past 40 years driven by intense human activity and regional climate changes. Annual mean air temperature has increased in the region. Streamflow from the northeastern margin of the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau has decreased significantly. Overall, a number of Alpine step meadows and Alpine frigid meadows have seriously degraded. Degeneration of vegetation and grassland led to desertification and frequently induced dust storms. With the continuous increase in cultivated land area, grassland area in the region has dropped significantly since the 1960s. At present, degraded grassland occupies about 83% of total usable grassland area. As the number of livestock increased, range condition deteriorated and the carrying capacity was reduced. The forest area in the northeastern margin of the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau has decreased by 20%, and the local ecosystem has become very fragile. Given the relatively stable weather conditions, the northeastern margin of the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau can be characterized by its three major ecosystems: grassland ecosystem, forest ecosystem and wetland ecosystem, which are crucial in maintaining the ecological stability. Changes in these ecosystems could influence sustainable development in the region. To avoid further deterioration of the environment and ecosystems, it is important to establish and implement ecosystem protection planning. Some effective measures are essential in this respect, including technical and political considerations.     

3种传统方法对不同珊瑚表面积测量的适用性及其校准方法——以3D扫描技术为基准*

造礁石珊瑚的表面积是珊瑚生物学和珊瑚礁生态学研究中重要的参数, 因其形态结构复杂, 准确测量十分困难。由于测量方法的不同, 导致不同珊瑚之间的重要指标无法被直接比较, 因此系统比较不同的表面积测量方法十分必要。以块状的普哥滨珊瑚Porites pukoensis和分枝状的鹿角杯形珊瑚Pocillopora damicornis为研究对象, 以3D扫描技术测量的珊瑚表面积作为标准值, 对比石蜡包埋法、锡箔纸包裹法以及简单几何近似法3种传统方法测量珊瑚表面积的准确度; 讨论了不同的表面积测量方法对于不同形态结构珊瑚的适用性; 并通过简单回归分析, 校准传统测量方法的测量准确度。研究结果表明, 无论在普哥滨珊瑚还是鹿角杯形珊瑚中, 简单几何近似法的测量准确度最高(72.71%和94.52%), 石蜡包埋法其次(68.86%和83.08%), 锡箔纸包裹法最低(65.27%和58.07%)。简单回归分析结果表明, 除了锡箔纸包裹法测量普哥滨珊瑚表面积与3D扫描测量结果的相关性较低(r²=0.76)外, 其他传统测量方法与3D扫描测量结果均具有较强相关性(r²>0.95)。因此, 研究认为可通过简单回归分析构建回归方程对传统测量方法进行校准, 以提高传统方法的测量准确度。     

In situ observations of wave pumping of sediments in the Yellow River Delta with a newly developed benthic chamber

A specially designed benthic chamber for the field observation of sediment resuspension that is caused by the wave-induced oscillatory seepage effect (i.e., the wave pumping of sediments) is newly developed. Observational results from the first sea trial prove that the geometry design and skillful instrumentation of the chamber well realize the goal of monitoring the wave pumping of sediments (WPS) continuously. Based on this field dataset, the quantitative contribution of the WPS to the total sediment resuspension is estimated to be 20–60% merely under the continuous action of normal waves (H_s ≤ 1.5 m) in the subaqueous Yellow River Delta (YRD). Such a large contribution invalidates a commonly held opinion that sediments are purely eroded from the seabed surface by the horizontal “shearing effect” from the wave orbital or current velocities. In fact, a considerable amount of sediments could originate from the shallow subsurface of seabed driven by the vertical “pumping effect” of the wave-generated seepage flows during wavy periods. According to the new findings, an improved conceptual model for the resuspension mechanisms of silty sediments under various hydrodynamics is proposed for the first time.     

升温对丛生盔形珊瑚两种形态型代谢和共生藻光合生理的影响

文章研究了温度升高对一种造礁石珊瑚——丛生盔形珊瑚(Galaxea fascicularis)的两种形态型(H和S型)代谢和共生藻光合生理的影响。研究显示H型和S型对升温的生理响应差异明显:在虫黄藻水平上, H型丢失了大量的虫黄藻,减轻了共生体呼吸代谢的负荷; S型中虫黄藻数目尚可维持共生体呼吸代谢的需求,同时提高叶绿素b含量增强光的吸收。在宿主水平上,H型充分利用虫黄藻输送的营养物质,并通过异养摄食补偿能量消耗;S型宿主所储存的营养物质可以协助共生体适应热环境。结果表明,丛生盔形珊瑚两种形态型通过不同的能量利用方式适应环境的变化, H型倾向于维持共生体的代谢平衡,而S型倾向于提高共生藻的能量分配。     

大亚湾及大鹏半岛沿岸造礁石珊瑚现状与生态脆弱性评价

本研究于2020年7月在大亚湾及大鹏半岛沿岸开展造礁石珊瑚的分布、覆盖率、死亡率、硬珊瑚补充量和物种多样性调查。结果表明：24个站位共发现造礁石珊瑚9科17属44种以及5个未定种,其中裸肋珊瑚科的种类最多,有7属27种,其次为鹿角珊瑚科和滨珊瑚科,均有2属6种;中央列岛沿岸造礁石珊瑚平均覆盖率为12.0%,三门岛沿岸平均覆盖率为12.9%,大鹏半岛沿岸平均覆盖率为5.2%;以坚实滨珊瑚（Porites solida）、翼形蔷薇珊瑚（Montipora peltiformis）、五边角蜂巢珊瑚（Favites pentagona）和多孔同星珊瑚（Plesiastrea versipora）等为优势种;造礁石珊瑚物种多样性较高。与历史数据相比,大亚湾及大鹏半岛沿岸造礁石珊瑚退化严重,活珊瑚覆盖率锐减,优势种由分支状珊瑚逐步转变为皮壳状或亚团块状珊瑚。此外,本研究构建了近岸造礁石珊瑚生态脆弱性评价体系,并对目前大亚湾及大鹏半岛沿岸造礁石珊瑚进行了生态脆弱性评价。结果显示,中央列岛、三门岛和大鹏半岛东侧海域造礁石珊瑚处于低或中脆弱状态;较场尾、杨梅坑、西冲和大鹏半岛西侧海域造礁石珊瑚处于高或很高脆弱状态,在环境压力影响下其受损可能性较高。在海水养殖、渔业捕捞、滨海旅游和船舶航行等日益频繁的人类活动下,大亚湾及大鹏半岛沿岸造礁石珊瑚整体处于中高脆弱状态,建议加强珊瑚礁监测,并采取相应的保护措施。     

黄河口埕岛海域悬浮沉积物沉降规律原位观测

运用时间序列沉积物捕获器,原位捕获了黄河口埕岛海域某观测点的沉降沉积物,并结合同步的波浪、海流、水深等水动力参数观测以及后续土样粒径分析等研究手段,计算了沉降通量,推断了沉降沉积物的来源,并结合理论计算探讨了悬浮沉积物沉降过程的影响因素以及沉降量在再悬浮量中所占的比例。研究结果表明:黄河口埕岛海域的悬浮沉积物沉降通量约为120~280 g·m-2·d-1,与该海域的再悬浮通量有着很好的正相关关系,推测很可能主要来源于海底沉积物的再悬浮;在该海域,即使过剩剪切力持续大于0,悬浮沉积物仍然会发生沉降,并且可以大于过剩剪切力小于0时的沉降量,推测与该地区粉质土海床的液化特性有关;再悬浮沉积物大约有5%发生原位沉降,绝大部分沉积物保持悬浮或者被输运至异地,这与该地区海底遭受强烈侵蚀的现象相一致。     

黄河三角洲区域水动力条件下岸滩侵蚀研究

An ideal nature system for the study of post-depositional submarine mass changing under wave loading was selected in the intertidal platform of the subaqueous Huanghe River Delta, a delta formed during period from 1964 to 1976 as the Huanghe River discharged into the Bohai Gulf by Diaokou distributary. A road embankment constructed for petroleum recovery on the inter-tidal platform in 1995 induced the essential varieties of hydrodynamic conditions on the both sides of the road. With both sides sharing similarities in （1） initial sedimentary environment, （2） energetic wave loading, （3） differential hydrodynamic conditions in later stages, （4） enough long-range action, and （5） extreme shallow water inter-tidal platforms; the study is representative and feasible as well. Two study sites were selected on each side of the road, and a series of measurements, samplings, laboratory experiments have been carried out, including morphometry, hydrodynamic conditions, sediment properties, granularity composition, and fractal dimension calculation of the topography in the two adjacent areas. It was observed that in the outer zone, where wave loading with high magnitude prevailed, the tidal flat was bumpy and exhibited a high erosion rate and high fractal dimension. Further, the fractal dimension diminished quickly, keeping with the enlarging of calculative square size. However in the inner zone, where the hydrodynamic condition was weak, the tidal fiat was fiat and exhibited a low erosion rate and low fractal dimensions; the fractal dimension diminished with the enlarging of calcu- lative square size. The fractal dimensions in the different hydrodynamic areas equalized increasingly as the calculative square size accreted to threshold, indicating that the hydrodynamic condition plays a significant role in topography construction and submarine delta erosion process. Additionally, the later differentiation of sediment properties, granularity composition, microstructure characteristics, and mineral composition     

吉林敦化松江河地区中生代似斑状花岗岩成因和形成环境:元素、Hf同位素和锆石U-Pb年代学证据

花岗岩是陆壳的重要组成部分,它是揭示地壳演化地球动力学过程的主要对象之一。为了揭示夹皮沟—海沟构造带的中生代地质演化,本文系统地开展了该带中段松江河地区花岗岩体内部产出的似斑状花岗岩的野外地质调查、岩相学、单颗粒锆石U-Pb同位素年代学、全岩元素、Hf同位素地球化学的研究。研究结果揭示:岩石呈粉红色、普遍发生较强的糜棱岩化作用,发育糜棱叶理构造;获得岩浆锆石的U-Pb同位素谐和年龄为217～169Ma;加权平均年龄为(169.6±1.8)Ma(n=9,MSWD=1.3);主量元素呈现高硅(71.18%～71.99%)、富碱(8.54%～8.93%)、贫镁(0.42%～0.52%)、贫钙(0.93%～1.38%)特征,并且A/NK>1.0,A/CNK<1.1;微量元素呈现低Rb、Zr和高Sr、Ba等质量分数,高Sr/Y和(La/Yb)_N特征;稀土元素表现轻稀土元素富集、重稀土元素亏损和较弱Eu的正异常特征;获得锆石原位^(176 )Yb/^(177 )Hf值为0.010 517～0.050 159,^(176 )Lu/^(177 )Hf值为0.000 476～0.001 784,^(176 )Hf/^(177 )Hf为0.282 310～0.282 457,对应的锆石ε_Hf(t)值为-12.7～-7.5,二阶段模式年龄为2 792～2 325Ma。上述特征揭示,松江河地区中生代似斑状花岗岩属准中等分异、同碰撞向伸展转换的Ⅰ型花岗岩,原始岩浆起源于新太古代陆壳重熔作用,岩浆就位发生在中侏罗世早阶段;它记录了燕山期早侏罗世古太平洋板块向欧亚大陆之下俯冲的挤压陆壳活化产生岩浆,并于中侏罗世地壳伸展岩浆上升过程中经岩浆结晶分离作用而产生的中等分异岩浆结晶形成,成岩后于晚侏罗世遭受了韧脆性构造作用改造。