An anthropo-ecological approach to landscape use optimization

A method of landscape evaluation based on the anthropo-ecological approach is worked out. The procedure consists of three stages, viz., general, special and optimization. Within the general stage, the structural arrangement of the landscape is evaluated by means of the concept of geo-ecological sites (GES), which are distributed into four zones (A, B, C, D) according to the degrees of their anthropic disturbance. The zoning performed makes it possible to select those geo-ecological sites where eco-critical relationships can be expected to appear; in order to eliminate such situations, transition zones are calculated for the geo-ecological sites concerned. The outcome of this approach is a proposal of a new structural arrangement of the geo-ecological sites, solving eco-critical situations and serving as a basis for the special and optimization stages of the anthropo-ecological method.     

Clinopyroxene zoning patterns in the young alkali basalts of Hungary and their petrogenetic significance

In the Upper Pliocene, during the final phase of igneous activity within the Pannonian Basin, alkali basalts were erupted. Their occurrences are restricted to two main regions in Hungary: 1) Transdanubia; 2) Nógrád County. The clinopyroxene phenocrysts of these rocks are zoned titanaugites which often have distinctive colourless or green cores. Two kinds of green cores can be distinguished: 1. olive-green cores (fassaitic augite and fassaite), and 2. grassgreen cores (salite and ferrosalite). Both types of green cores are comparatively iron-rich and they occur only in the basalts of Nógrád County. The olive-green fassaites probably precipitated from relatively evolved melts which have been mixed into their present host magmas, whereas the grassgreen salites and ferrosalites are xenocrysts derived probably from upper mantle rocks. The clinopyroxene zoning patterns suggest, that after being generated by small-degree partial melting in the mantle the Transdanubian basalts ascended to the surface with little or no modification en route, whereas those of Nógrád County had a more complex evolution, in which fractionation at depth and magma mixing played an important role.     

Estimation of seismic hazard parameters in TERESA test areas

A general overview of some of the problems involved in earthquake catalogue handling is given as part of the works carried out into the ESC/SC8-TERESA project related with the seismic hazard assessment in two selected test areas: Sannio-Matese in Italy and the northern Rhine region (BGN). Furthermore, the necessary input data to be used in the calculation of seismic hazard has been obtained, including earthquake source zones and their seismic hazard parameters.The importance is pointed out of detailed analysis of seismic catalogues, mainly in relation to the use of aftershock information, the historical records of the region, and the possible temporal and spatial variation of seismicity, which could have an important influence on short-term hazard assessment.     

Assessment of seismic hazard for the Sannio-Matese area of Southern Italy — A summary

The working group on Test Regions for Evaluation of Methods for Seismic Hazard Assessment in Europe (TERESA), consisted of 15 members from 10 different European countries. Methods and experience gathered in these countries have been compared and discussed for two test areas in Europe: the Sannio-Matese region, Southern Italy, with high seismic activity, and the border region between Belgium, The Netherlands, and Federal Republic of Germany, with low activity.This paper summarizes the results for one of the test areas, Sannio-Matese. Most of the participants used statistical procedures to assess earthquake hazard, receiving results in terms of probability of occurrence for intensity as the ground-motion parameter. It was found that careful preparation of input data and parameters is the major influencing factor, therefore most of the efforts of the working group was devoted to this task.The scatter of the obtained results of the group is considerable, mainly because of the uncertainties in the data and the subjectiveness involved in the procedures. For better control of both factors, more objective methods have to be developed.     

Seismic hazard computations for regions with low earthquake activity — A case study for the Belgium,The Netherlands and NW Germany area

The algorithms to evaluate seismic hazard, used and/or developed by five teams participating in the TERESA project, applied to the low seismicity area Belgium, The Netherlands and NW Germany are compared. The main differences in the results can be explained by the majority criterion of Egozcue et al. (1989), the differences in the upper bound and zonification and, in some cases, by a higher attenuation.     

On the relation between solar motion and the long term variability of solar activity

Summary The Sun's motion round the barycentre of the solar system was found to consist of two basic alternately repeating elements of the noose and of the arc. The mean time for solar motion around each of these elements was found to be 9.93 yr. The relation between solar motion and solar variability was determined as follows: Approximately coincident periodicities ranging from 60 to 2200 yr were traced in both phenomena and a coincidence of all prolonged minima in solar activity with the epochs of the highest deviations from the Jupiter—Saturn order was found over a time interval of 3100 yr.

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ma, m ¶rt;uu a ma mmu um mum u ¶rt; , n nmu m — u nmu u u au. uu a a¶rt; u mu m ¶rt;um ¶rt; 9.93¶rt;a. am a maa ¶rt; ¶rt;uu a u au amumu: a mu m n¶rt;anum—am a aa nuuum maa u¶rt;um ¶rt;uuu a n¶rt;ea 60–2200 m, a u amumu, a mu umaa ¶rt;umm 3100 m a¶rt; n na¶rt;u ¶rt; uu amumu nu¶rt;au aua mu m n¶rt;a — u am.

     

Stick-slip unstable shear failure as a source of high frequency elastic radiation

Summary The results of laboratory measurements on square perspex models with a stress concentrator under uniaxial compression are presented. An attempt was made to interpret these results in order to determine the mutual relations between the mechanical parameters characterizing the treated models, including their focal zones, parameters of model loading, parameters of seismogenic displacement and parameters of radiated elastic pulses. Particular attention was given to the study of slip displacement, slip velocity, rupture velocity, nucleation points of rupture propagation, nucleation points of elastic radiation and to the frequency analysis of radiated pulses. Measurements of the displacement in the focal zone enabled us to determine the source function, to construct theoretical seismograms in a far field and to compare them with the real pulses from ultrasonic transducers located there. This allowed testing theoretical and experimental approaches to the study of how slip displacement, slip velocity and rupture velocity are related to the parameters of radiated pulses.     

Measurement of a freezing nucleus content in a water sample — Evaluation of the method

Summary A drop freezing technique applied in laboratory research to heterogeneous ice nucleation is described. The quality of the obtained experimental data is studied both theoretically and experimentally. Attention is focused on the range of measurable freezing nucleus concentration, the accuracy, the correctness and the reproducibility of the results. Some mechanisms which could influence the correctness of the method are discussed. No mechanism significantly influencing the measurements was found. It is concluded that the present experimental method is an effective method of measuring a freezing nucleus content in a water sample.

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ama na uu m¶rt;a n¶rt;u mauu ¶rt; ¶rt; a ¶rt;. ¶rt;m ama mam n nuu m¶rt;a. uau ua a ¶rt;uana uum mauu ¶rt; ¶rt;, a mm, naum u nmumm mam. umum m uu a naum m¶rt;a, m u u ma.

     

Geomagnetic field from the Earth's core: Its westward drift rate and some probable global-tectonics implications

Summary Sets of virtual poles corresponding to sets of geomagnetic field values at equidistant points, lying along circles of latitude, were defined on the basis of the 1980 IGRF extending to degree and order 8. Certain places on the Earth's surface yield virtual poles lying very close together. The segments of the virtual pole paths, corresponding to these places, have a large curvature. The mentioned places of the Earth's surface are supposed to be areas with a low rate of the westward drift. They form continuous zones that show a certain relation to global-tectonics features.

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uum ¶rt; 8- n¶rt;a ¶rt;a¶rt; aaumu n 1980 u u nmu uma n, mmmu nm uu n ma, a u¶rt;umam ¶rt; naa m ma nmu nua¶rt;am uma n, m uu ¶rt; ¶rt;. amu u, mmmu mu ma, um uu. ¶rt;naam, m nm ma nmu m amu, m m ana¶rt; ¶rt;a ua. u am n na, m naam a m uua mmuu.

     

Statistical analysis of values measured in condensating geodetic nets

Summary Procedure for verifying the agreement between parameters common to the basic and connecting trigonometric net. Procedure of determining the accuracy of the connecting net. This determination concerns not only the relativized accuracy of the points of the connecting network, but also the mutual accuracy of the points of the basic net relative to the points of the connecting net and the global accuracy of the resultant net. The procedure takes into account the accuracy of the points of the basic net which remain unchanged in computing the coordinates of new points.

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m¶rt; ¶rt; nu au u naam¶rt;mu u nu¶rt;u m. m¶rt; ¶rt; u mmu nu¶rt;u mu. a aam m mum nua mmu m nu¶rt; mu, ma au mmu m mu n mu ma nu¶rt;u mu ua mmu mu mu. m¶rt; umam mm m mu, m aa uu ¶rt;uam m mam uu.