Fracture Network Volume Fracturing Technology in High-temperature Hard Formation of Hot Dry Rock

It is more difficult for a hot dry rock to form a fracture network system than shale due to its special lithology, physical and mechanical properties under high temperature. The essential characteristics, rock mechanics and in-situ stress characteristics of a hot rock mass have been systematically studied by means of laboratory tests and true tri-axial physical simulation. The fracture initiation and propagation characteristics under different geological and engineering conditions are physically simulated, and the main controlling factors for the formation of a complex fracture network are revealed. The technology of low displacement for enhancing thermal cracking, gel fluid for expanding fracture and variable displacement cyclic injection for increasing a fracture network has been applied in the field, and good results have been achieved. Micro-seismic monitoring results demonstrate that complex fractures were formed in the field test, and the stimulation volume for heat exchanging reaches more than 3 million cubic meters. The research results play an important role in the stimulation technology of an enhanced geothermal system (EGS) and realize a breakthrough for power generation.     

濑溪河流域地貌对泸县MS6.0地震发震构造变形的响应及其指示作用

以12.5 m 数字高程模型数据为基础,采用数字地貌分析方法提取了濑溪河流域的高程剖面和面积-高程积分（HI）等地貌参数,分析了2021年9月16日四川盆地东南部泸县M_S6.0地震震中附近区域地貌与构造活动的响应关系。结果显示:震中西侧的螺观山和梯子崖背斜在震中的南北两端存在明显的缩短量差异;HI条带状低值区的展布方向与流域内构造的方向一致,HI高值区位于华蓥山两条断裂夹持的谷地,但在震中附近存在WNW向的HI低值带。综合分析认为,泸县地震震中附近应存在一走向为WNW的隐伏构造,它不仅调节了螺观山和梯子崖背斜在震中南北两端的缩短量差异,也使得HI值受其影响呈低值特征,该结果与震源机制解结果、等震线长轴走向以及余震空间展布的优势方向相一致。      

Photosynthesis of Digitaria ciliaris during repeated soil drought and rewatering

The ability of psammophyte photosynthesis to withstand and recover from severe droughts is crucial for vegetation stability in semi-arid sandy lands. The responses of gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence of an annual grass, Digitaria ciliaris, were measured through three soil drought and rewatering cycles. Results showed that the net photosynthesis rate(P n) decreased by 92%, 95%, and 63% at end of the three drought periods, respectively, water use efficiency(WUE) decreased by 67%, 54%, and 48%, while the constant intercellular CO2 concentration(C i) increased by 1.08, 0.88, and 0.45 times. During those three cycles, the trapping probability with no dark adaptation(F v′/F m′) decreased by 55%, 51%, and 9%, the electron transport per cross section(ET0′/CS0′) decreased by 63%, 42%, and 18%, and the dissipation per cross section(DI0′/CS0′) increased by 97%, 96%, and 21%. These results indicated that D. ciliaris was subjected to photoinhibition and some non-stomatal limitation of photosynthesis under drought. However, after four days of rewatering, its photosynthetic characteristics were restored to control values. This capability to recover from drought may contribute to making the plant's use of water as efficient as possible. Furthermore, the photosynthesis decreased more slowly in the subsequent drought cycles than in the first cycle, allowing D. ciliaris to enhance its future drought tolerance after drought hardening. Thus, it acclimatizes itself to repeated soil drought.     

Meso‐Cenozoic thermal structure of the lithosphere in the Bohai Bay Basin,eastern North China Craton

Thermal structure of the lithosphere studies the partition of crustal and mantle heat flow of the continental area and is of significant importance to understand various energy‐related geodynamic processes. The study addresses the spatial distribution of the Meso‐Cenozoic mantle heat flow and Moho temperatures in the region of the Bohai Bay Basin based on the thermal history of the sedimentary basin, radioactive heat production rate and thickness of crustal layering. The results show that the ratio of the mantle and surface heat flow (q_m/q_s) experienced two peaks in the late period of the Early Cretaceous (q_m/q_s ~ 68%) and the Middle to Late Palaeogene (q_m/q_s ~ 75%), respectively. Based on the q_m/q_s ratio, the lithosphere of the Bohai Bay Basin transformed its thermal structure during the Meso‐Cenozoic, from the ‘cold mantle but hot crust’ stage in the Triassic–Jurassic to the ‘hot mantle but cold crust’ stage in the Cretaceous and Cenozoic. The Moho temperatures (T_m) during the Meso‐Cenozoic were also calculated by using the equation of one‐dimensional heat conduction, and the result shows that there exist three T_m peaks occurring in the late period of the Early Cretaceous (930–1080 °C), the Middle‐Late Palaeogene (820–890 °C) and the Early Neogene (770–810 °C). The q_m/q_s ratio began to exceed 50%, and the Moho temperature started to go over 700 °C from the Cretaceous to the present day, which revealed that the activity of the upper mantle in the eastern North China Craton (NCC) increased significantly accompanied by the strong crustal movement in the Cretaceous. The thermal structure revealed the Cretaceous to be a revolutionary period during the evolution of the Bohai Bay Basin, and this paper may provide some thermal evidence for the studies of the geodynamic evolution during the destruction of the NCC. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

黑潮化学物质输入东海的途径与通量

在对黑潮水文特征分析的基础上,探讨了黑潮对中国近海化学物质输入途径,归纳总结了黑潮对东海生源要素、痕量元素、同位素及其他化学物质的输入特征,提出了黑潮对中国近海化学物质输入研究应着重关注的问题。主要的结论包括:吕宋海峡、中国台湾东北部及日本九州西南海域是黑潮向中国近海输送化学物质的3个关键区域;黑潮表层水向东海陆架的扩展、次表层水和中层水的涌升以及黑潮季节性流轴摆动是黑潮向东海输送化学物质的基本途径。黑潮主体生源要素的浓度随深度的增加而增大。黑潮对东海生源要素的影响夏季最弱、春季次之、秋冬季最强,其对东海生源要素的输入通量要远高于河流、大气等其他输入源,并且各水层中以中层水的生源要素输入通量为最大。痕量元素在黑潮主体的分布、对东海的输入通量等方面均表现出了与生源要素的差异,各痕量元素的分布及输入通量随痕量元素的不同而不尽相同,其中次表层水的涌升在对邻近海域痕量元素分布的影响中起到了重要作用。同位素可指示黑潮对东海陆架的入侵程度及变化规律,并与营养盐等有一定的相关性。黑潮是东海微量温室气体N2O,CH4等其他化学物质的重要输入源,进而对东海生态环境产生影响。进一步研究应着重从系统性外海观测、痕量元素及同位素等化学物质调查、黑潮对中国近海输入化学物质的控制过程等方面深入开展。     

月尺度气温可预报性对资料长度的依赖及可信度

利用全国518个站1960—2011年逐日气温观测资料和160个站1983—2012年月尺度气温客观预测数据,基于非线性局部Lyapunov指数和非线性误差增长理论,研究中国区域月尺度气温可预报性期限对资料序列长度的依赖性。结果表明:气温可预报性期限对资料序列的长度有一定程度的依赖性,在西北、东北及华中地区尤为明显。平均而言,45年的资料序列长度才能够得到稳定合理的可预报性期限。为了验证气温可预报期限计算结果的可信度,将月尺度气温的可预报性期限与客观气候预测方法的预报评分技巧进行对比,发现两者结果非常一致。其中,由观测资料得到的1月气温的可预报性期限明显低于7月,1月客观气候预测方法的预报评分技巧也明显低于7月,且1月 (7月) 预报评分的空间分布型与1月 (7月) 气温可预报性期限的空间分布型较为一致。因此,利用非线性局部Lyapunov指数和台站逐日观测资料分析气温的可预报性期限结果是可信的。     

南极普里兹湾海域夏季表层水与绕极深层水年际变化

利用中国第27、28、29和31次南极科学考察期间在普里兹湾海域获取的水文观测数据,分析了该海域的水团分布、夏季表层水年际变化及其原因和绕极深层水涌升的年际变化特征。研究发现:第27和31航次观测到的夏季表层水的温盐范围较大;第27航次观测到的夏季表层水温度相对较高,可达1.22℃;第29航次观测期间海冰较少,夏季表层水的厚度约为50 m(73.00°E、75.50°E和67.25°S断面),第31航次观测到的夏季表层水最深达到100 m;第28和29航次观测到较为明显的绕极深层水涌升,在73.00°E断面尤为突出;观测到的绕极深层水在第28航次向上涌升到90 m,在第29航次向南延伸较远,达到67.67°S;湾内气旋性环流对绕极深层水的涌升有明显的输运作用。     

CAWS600型自动气象站温湿度传感器故障诊断及维护

本文从内蒙古目前自动气象站采用的HMP45A和HMP45D温湿度传感器的构造和工作原理出发,详细阐述了温湿度传感器故障的诊断方法及日常维护。     

论岩溶地面塌陷的形成过程与机理

本文在阐述了塌陷的形成条件后,着重分析了静力与动力在塌陷中的作用:静力包括盖层自重力及荷载力,盖层内聚力与地下水浮力,动力有水动力、气动力和振动力;并概括为垂向力与侧向力、塌力和抗塌力。塌陷实质上是塌力和抗塌力综合作用的结果,不同力在塌陷形成阶段中所起的作用也不同。文中将塌陷区分为水位降低时的“水位上塌”与“水位下塌”、水位抬高时的各种陷塌,将盖层区分为固结岩石和松散土石(土石型与粘土型)对构成塌陷的影响,根据以上诸方面因素的综合研究,着重从力的分析上探讨了各种条件下塌陷的形成机理,并以此解释塌陷中所出现的种种现象。      

中非卢菲里安地区铀矿化特征与资源潜力分析

中非卢菲里安地区以铜钴资源闻名于世,同时也赋存一定的铀矿资源。铀成矿作用分别与大陆裂谷及盆地成岩期（876~823 Ma）、早期洋盆形成或大陆碰撞期（720~652 Ma）、卢菲里安变质高峰期（550~530 Ma）相对应。受区域构造活动影响形成的多期次热流体,从基底及加丹加超群富铀岩石萃取铀元素并在构造发育的区域富集成矿为其主要的成矿模式,其变质基底或班委乌卢基底可能提供了铀物质来源,热流体为载体,断裂及穹窿构造则提供通道与空间。含铀矿体多受地层及构造双重控制,围岩褐铁矿化及方柱石化对找矿具有指示意义。研究区内铀矿成矿条件较好,下罗安群受断裂及逆冲推覆构造影响强烈且蚀变较为发育的区域为有利的找矿前景区。