Contribution of non-pollen palynomorphs to the paleolimnological study of a high-altitude Andean lake (Laguna Verde Alta,Venezuela)

This paper evaluates the potential usefulness of non-pollen palynomorphs or NPPs (microfossils other than pollen and spores present in palynological preparations) contained in lake sediments in the paleolimnological reconstruction of high altitude environments (>4,000 m) from the Venezuelan Andes. A synthetic, quantitative approach is employed, instead of the classical analytical and mostly qualitative approach commonly used so far for NPPs. The main sources of variation are the Pediastrum–Botryococcus alternation and the relationship between these two algae and animal remains such as Acari legs, postabdomina of Cladocera, mandibles of other invertebrates, and an unknown type called LVA-1. Other significant microfossils are remains of Rivularia-type and turbellarian oocytes, including Gyratrix. The sequence initiates around 15,000 calibrated years before present (cal BP) with the deglaciation of the lake catchment, high water levels and still cold climates. A phase of lower lake levels was recorded between about 12,000 and 6,000 cal BP. Temperatures increased by around 9,000 and 7,000 cal BP, and then decreased until 6,000 cal BP. Since that time, both lake levels and temperature increased again and stabilized at about 4,000 cal BP, when they reach modern-like values. These results show a good agreement with previous studies based on pollen, diatom and oxygen isotope analyses, and provide additional paleoecological information, as for example the possibility of a previously unrecorded Younger Dryas signal. The inclusion of quantitative NPP analysis in routine paleolimnological studies using synthetic methods is thus recommended. Possible future improvements are suggested, mainly those related with the development and use of NPP modern analogs.     

Optimizing Ore–Waste Dig-Limits as Part of Operational Mine Planning Through Genetic Algorithms

Dig-limit optimization is an operational decision making problem that significantly affects the value of open-pit mining operations. Traditionally, dig-limits have been drawn by hand and can be defined as classifying practical ore and waste boundaries suiting equipment sizes in a bench. In this paper, an optimization approach based on a genetic algorithm (GA) was developed to approximate optimal dig-limits on a bench, given grade control data, equipment constraints, processing, and mining costs. A case study was conducted on a sample disseminated nickel bench, in a two destination and single ore-type deposit. The results from using the GA are compared to hand-drawn results. The study shows that GA-based approach can be effectively used for dig-limit optimization.     

Reduced-Dimensional Processing for Ground Moving Target Detection in Distributed Space-Based Radar

With multisatellite radar systems, several additional features are achieved: multistatic observation, interferometry, ground moving target indication (GMTI). In this letter, a new reduced-dimensional method based on joint pixels sum-difference (Sigma-Delta) data for clutter rejection and GMTI is proposed. The reduced-dimensional joint pixels Sigma-Delta data are obtained by the orthogonal projection of the joint pixels data of different synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images generated by a multisatellite radar system. In the sense of statistic expectation, the joint pixels Sigma-Delta data contain the common and different information among SAR images. Then, the objective of clutter cancellation and GMTI can be achieved by adaptive processing. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed method even with clutter fluctuation and image coregistration errors     

Impact of global warming on drought in China

Spatial and temporal change patterns of air temperature (T), precipitation (P), relative humidity (RH), lower vapor pressure (VP), potential evapotranspiration (PET) and drought situation of 690 meteorological stations for all of China were evaluated in this study to understand the effects of warming on regional drought and hydrological processes. Here, the drought extent is expressed by aridity index (AI), which is the ratio of precipitation and reference crop evapotranspiration (ET₀) calculated by FAO Penman-Monteith equation, taking into account air temperature, atmospheric humidity, solar radiation, and wind. Our results indicate that there are different patterns of climate change from 1961 to 2008 and from 1981 to 2008. Little precipitation change occurred in China and ET₀ decreased from 1961 to 2008. But, the warming trend has intensified and the area with significant increasing precipitation has reduced since the early 1980’s and ET₀ has increased in most areas of China from 1981 to 2008 and decreased from 1961 to 2008. The areas affected by drought have shifted from North China and Northeast China to East China and South China since 1981. It is speculated that the increasing warming intensity after 1981 possibly strengthened the power of potential evapotranspiration and resulted in drought in most areas of Northeast China, North China, eastern Southwest China, and especially in East China and South China.     

Genesis of Kanggur Gold Deposit in Eastern Tianshan Orogenic Belt, NW China: Fluid Inclusion and Oxygen and Hydrogen Isotope Constraints

Abstract. Primary fluid inclusions in quartz and carbonates from the Kanggur gold deposit are dominated by aqueous inclusions, with subsidiary CO₂-H₂O inclusions that have a constant range in CO₂ content (10–20 vol %). Microthermometric results indicate that total homogenization temperatures have a wide but similar range for both aqueous inclusions (120 to 310C) and CO₂-H₂O inclusions (140 to 340C). Estimates of fluid salinity for CO₂-H₂O inclusions are quite restricted (5.9∼10.3 equiv. wt% NaCl), whereas aqueous inclusions show much wider salinity ranging from 2.2 to 15.6 equivalent wt %NaCl.
The 6D values of fluid inclusions in carbonates vary from -45 to -61 %, in well accord with the published δD values of fluid inclusions in quartz (-46 to -66 %). Most of the δ¹⁸O and δD values of the ore-forming fluids can be achieved by exchanged meteoric water after isotopic equilibration with wall rock by fluid/rock interaction at a low water/rock ratio. However, the exchanged meteoric water alone cannot explain the full range of δ¹⁸O and δD values, magmatic and/or meta-morphic water should also be involved. The wide salinity in aqueous inclusions may also result from mixing of meteoric water and magmatic and/or metamorphic water.     

我国可降水量同地面水汽压关系的经验表达式

本文根据1992～1993年全国20个台站地面及高空气象要素资料，拟合出各个站所在地区整层大气可降水量和有效水汽含量同地面水汽压之间的经验关系式。计算结果表明，可降水量和相应的地面水汽压之间，存在着良好的数值对应关系。仅利用地面水汽压计算出的整层大气可降水量和有效水汽含量，同实际情况符合得很好，平均相对误差普遍小于15％。因此，这些经验关系式具有良好的实际应用价值。     

Blondel和k-核分解混合算法相结合的网络空间点群要素多尺度模型构建

随着人们对网络空间的依赖性不断增强,互联网技术与网络基础设施规模迅速发展。很难直接用数字或表格的形式对网络空间进行全局的规划与管理,并且不容易发现隐藏在网络空间中的一些关键信息。网络空间点群要素的多尺度模型构建对网络空间数据的多尺度分析和可视化具有非常重要的意义。本文以网络空间的特征为依据,在借鉴基于社团划分的网络空间分层算法和基于节点重要性的网络空间分层算法特点的基础上,提出了Blondel算法和k-核分解的混合算法相结合的网络空间点群要素多尺度模型构建算法。本算法通过自动社团划分,用同一社团内的节点合并构建新的网络,有效解决了基于节点重要性的网络空间分层算法自动化程度低的弊端。利用核心节点来代替整个社团结构,显著保留了网络空间中节点的属性。实验表明使用该算法可以使各个层次网络空间点群要素的综合比例降至30%以下,较好的实现了网络空间点群要素的聚类与分层,若将网络空间点群要素的多尺度模型应用于地理空间中,则可实现网络空间地图的多尺度绘制。     

STUDIES ON TERRACES AND RIVER SYSTEM CHANGES OF THE UPPER YELLOW RIVER

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The lunar rock and mineral characterization consortium: Deconstruction and integrated mineralogical,petrologic, and spectroscopic analyses of mare basalts

The lunar rock and mineral characterization consortium (LRMCC) has conducted coordinated mineralogy/petrography/spectroscopy analyses of a suite of pristine lunar basalts. Four basalt slabs (two low‐Ti, two high‐Ti) and paired thin sections were analyzed. Thin sections were analyzed for mineralogy/petrography, while the slabs were used to prepare particulate separates of major mineral phases and bulk samples. Mineral separates and particulate bulk samples were crushed to controlled grain sizes and their reflectance spectra measured in the NASA RELAB at Brown University. The resulting data set provides an essential foundation for spectral mixing models, offers valuable endmember constraints for space weathering analyses, and represents critical new ground truth results for lunar science and exploration efforts.     

存在本真性视角下寻求本真自我的旅游动机分析框架

国内旅游的个性化趋势越来越明显,旅游产品的策划和营销更加依赖于对个人旅游动机的分析。目前存在本真性理论在国外旅游研究领域受到了关注,该理论对于分析个人旅游动机具有潜力。在全面介绍存在本真性理论发展脉落和进展的基础上,分析了该理论在解释旅游动机方面已经取得的进展和存在的不足。通过文献综述,本文认为存在本真性概念通过与疏离、焦虑等概念有机结合,在综合概念层面上形成一种独特的旅游功能和旅游动机的解释机制。但仅从存在主义和心理学视角展开的存在本真性概念,忽略了不同情境下环境资源对疏离、焦虑及本真自我的影响,从而使现有的存在本真性理论无法进一步深入到细分市场下的旅游动机分析层面。本文尝试将环境、资源和可能性对自我实现的意义纳入到相关概念的分析框架之中,在此基础上重新解构本真自我的概念,分析其基本类型和实现的条件,并在日常生活工作环境与非惯常的旅游环境中对接疏离、焦虑的基本类型,探讨旅游对于促进本真自我的功用,最终建构了一种能够用来指导个性化旅游产品策划和市场营销的旅游动机分析框架。