畜禽废弃物集运车自动监控回报地理信息系统之开发

本研究能藉由装置于畜禽废弃物集运车之重量感测系统（Weighing System，WS）及全球卫星定位系统（Global Positioning System，GPS），经由全球行动无线通讯系统（Global System for Mobile Communication，GSM）全天候将集运车上畜禽废弃物载重变化及其位置，实时传回监控中心之地理信息系统（Geographic Information System，Gis）与数据库服务器中，再利用网络地图服务器经因特网（Intemet）随时提供客户端上网浏览查询与监控集运车可能不当流用之行为。本系统着重以重量变化信息作为监控端参考的重要依据，再配合车辆定位信息以核对畜禽废弃物卸载地点与重量而掌控不当流用之明确证据。另考虑集运车司机可能利用下班时间进行违法行为，监控人员无法全天侯监控，本研究系统增加集运车于非上班时间发生异常状况时，以简讯（Short Message）及电子邮件（E-mail）型式传送至预设监控者手机或远程计算机内或在提供监控者于下班时间直接透过因特网浏览器监控之功能，以及藉由远程操控软件（Symantec PC Anywhere）透过远程计算机进入监控中心做不定时的查询监视。另外，本系统透过手持式输入设备，将清运司机所输入毙死畜禽数量信息传送到GSM／GPRS（General Packet Radio Service）模块，并发送回监控端，其监控人员可透过因特网浏览接口，了解集运车辆实时清运数量、重量与路线位置之关系，以确实达到集运车辆控管之目的。     

Lengths of intermediate and deep seismic zones and temperatures in downgoing slabs of lithosphere

Summary. If intermediate and deep earthquakes occur in the coldest portions of the downgoing slabs of lithosphere, then different lengths of seismic zones represent different temperatures in the slabs. As the slab descends through the aesthenosphere, it warms primarily by conduction of heat through its upper and lower surfaces. Isotherms are advected downwards to distances approximately proportional both to the rate of subduction and to the square of the thickness of the lithosphere. Consequently, the lengths of seismic zones should be approximately proportional to the product of the rates and the squares of these thicknesses. As these thicknesses are approximately proportional to the square root of the age of the lithosphere, the lengths ought therefore to be approximately proportional to the product of the convergence rates times the ages. Although there is considerable scatter, observed lengths are approximately proportional to such products, and are not simply related to the rate, the age or the thickness alone. The data crudely fit the relationship: length = rate × age/10. Using this relationship, we infer that the Philippine sea and Pacific plates move slowly, if at all, with respect to one another and that the Farallon plate may have been too young to be subducted to a great distance beneath western North America in the Palaeogene. Calculations of temperatures at the depths of the deepest events suggest that these cut-off temperatures increase from about 600 ± 100°C at 200 km to 830 ± 50°C at 650 km depth, but the cut-off potential temperature is approximately constant. Assuming that the strength is a thermally activated parameter, and using the activation energy for olivine, a crude estimate of activation volume is obtained from the dependence of the cut-off temperature on depth.     

Rb‐Sr and Sm‐Nd isotopic and REE studies of igneous components in the bulk matrix domain of Martian breccia Northwest Africa 7034

The bulk matrix domain of the Martian breccia NWA 7034 was examined petrographically and isotopically to better understand the provenance and age of the source material that make up the breccia. Both ¹⁴⁷Sm‐¹⁴³Nd and ¹⁴⁶Sm‐¹⁴²Nd age results for mineral separates from the bulk matrix portion of breccia NWA 7034 suggest that various lithological components in the breccia probably formed contemporaneously ~4.44 Ga ago. This old age is in excellent agreement with the upper intersection ages (4.35–4.45 Ga) for U‐Pb discordia and also concordia defined by zircon and baddeleyite grains in matrix and igneous‐textured clasts. Consequently, we confirm an ancient age for the igneous components that make up the NWA 7034 breccia. Substantial disturbance in the Rb‐Sr system was detected, and no age significance could be gleaned from our Rb‐Sr data. The disturbance to the Rb‐Sr system may be due to a thermal event recorded by bulk‐rock K‐Ar ages of 1.56 Ga and U‐Pb ages of phosphates at about 1.35–1.5 Ga, which suggest partial resetting from an unknown thermal event(s), possibly accompanying breccia formation. The NWA 7034 bulk rock is LREE enriched and similar to KREEP‐rich lunar rocks, which indicates that the earliest Martian crust was geochemically enriched. This enrichment supports the idea that the crust is one of the enriched geochemical reservoirs on Mars that have been detected in studies of other Martian meteorites.     

Determination of hydraulic diffusivity of aquifers by spectral analysis

This study uses the cyclical frequency to develop the mathematical relationship between hydraulic diffusivity and spectral density functions calculated from groundwater level variation. Such relationship can be applied to (1) unsteady state, one-dimensional confined aquifer with time-dependent water level on both end boundaries, and (2) linearized unconfined aquifer with or without vertical recharge. The spectral density functions of groundwater fluctuations are largely affected by the spectral density functions obtained from time-dependent end boundaries and their cross-spectral density functions. Hydraulic diffusivity of an aquifer can be solved by type-curve matching technique at a specified frequency band under the conditions of (1) confined aquifer having equal time-dependent boundaries on both ends, (2) unconfined aquifer having equal time-dependent boundaries on both ends with surface recharge, and (3) unconfined aquifer subjected to surface recharge but neglecting the water table fluctuations on both end boundaries.     

Planning a marine protected area at Chinwan, Penghu, Taiwan

Historically, martial law in Taiwan severely restricted access to and use of coastal areas. Since the martial law was lifted in 1987, the government has permitted more than 80 development projects in coastal areas throughout Taiwan. However, rapid growth and overexploitation have led to significant degradation of oceanic and coastal environments. To protect and sustain marine ecosystem functions, species, and habitats, proactive conservation measures are needed. One of the most effective measures is the establishment of marine protected areas (MPAs). In this paper, we introduce the current situation of protected areas in Taiwan. We then discuss the general concepts of MPAs, describe the characteristics of Chinwan in the Penghu archipelago, and conclude with lessons learned from the attempt to establish an MPA at Chinwan.     

Optimization of product line design for environmentally conscious technologies in notebook industry

Promotion of green technologies related to notebook computer will have significant benefits in the environment. Notebook companies need to make a careful market assessment for green technologies. Due to the variety of consumer preferences for green technologies, as well as a hot competitive climate in notebook market, consumer preferences should be taken into consideration during the assessment process. This study classifies the green technologies of notebook industry. Some green technologies are not controlled by the environmental regulations but are popular among customers. This study named this kind of technologies niche green technologies. The product line design model can evaluate the design scheme based on customer preferences. Therefore, this study uses conjoin analysis to investigate the consumers’ preferences for assorted technology. Subsequently, product line design model is utilized to seek the optimal scheme of niche green technologies adoption based on the consumers’ preference. Results of conjoint analysis reveal that consumers value two attributes, including price and size. Furthermore, the preferences for niche green technologies in solid state drive disk and light emitting diode backlight surpass the former technology. After the assessment of market situation with product line design model, two types of niche green technologies, including lithium polymer battery and light emitting diode backlight are suggested for the adoption of new products design.     

Feldspathic clasts in Yamato-86032: Remnants of the lunar crust with implications for its formation and impact history

Low concentrations of Th and Fe in the Yamato (Y)-86032 bulk meteorite support earlier suggestions that Y-86032 comes from a region of the moon far distant from the Procellarum KREEP Terrain (PKT), probably from the lunar farside. ³⁹Ar–⁴⁰Ar, Rb–Sr, Sm–Nd, and Sm-isotopic studies characterize the chronology of Y-86032 and its precursors in the mega regolith. One of the rock types present in a light gray breccia lithology is an anorthosite characterized by plagioclase with An 93, i.e., more sodic than lunar FANs, but with very low ⁸⁷Rb/⁸⁶Sr and ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr similar to those of FANs. (FAN stands for Ferroan Anorthosite). This “An93 anorthosite” has Nd-isotopic systematics similar to those of nearside norites. A FAN-like “An97 anorthosite” is present in a second light-colored feldspathic breccia clast and has a more negative ε_Nd value consistent with residence in a LREE-enriched environment as would be provided by an early plagioclase flotation crust on the Lunar Magma Ocean (LMO). This result contrasts with generally positive values of ε_Nd for Apollo 16 FANs suggesting the possibility of assymetric development of the LMO. Other possible explanations for the dichotomy in ε_Nd values are advanced in the text. The Y-86032 protolith formed at least 4.43 ± 0.03 Ga ago as determined from a Sm–Nd isochron for mineral fragments from the breccia clast composed predominantly of An93 anorthosite and a second clast of more varied composition. We interpret the mineral fragments as being predominatly from a cogenetic rock suite. An ³⁹Ar–⁴⁰Ar age of 4.36–4.41 ± 0.035 Ga for a third clast composed predominantly of An97 anorthosite supports an old age for the protolith. Initial ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd in that clast was −0.64 ± 0.13 ε-units below ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd in reservoirs having chondritic Sm/Nd ratios, consistent with prior fractionation of mafic cumulates from the LMO. A maximum in the ³⁹Ar–⁴⁰Ar age spectrum of 4.23 ± 0.03 Ga for a second sample of the same feldspathic breccia clast probably reflects some diffusive ⁴⁰Ar loss. Lack of solar wind and lunar atmosphere implanted Ar in the light gray breccia clast allows determination of an ³⁹Ar/⁴⁰Ar age of 4.10 ± 0.02 Ga, which is interpreted as the time of initial brecciation of this litholgy. After correction for implanted lunar atmosphere ⁴⁰Ar, impact melt and dark regolith clasts give Ar ages of 3.8 ± 0.1 Ga implying melt formation and final breccia assembly 3.8 Ga ago. Some breccia lithologies were exposed to thermal neutron fluences of 2 × 10¹⁵ n/cm², only about 1% of the fluence experienced by some other lunar highlands meteorites. Other lithologies experienced neutron fluences of 1 × 10¹⁵ n/cm². Thus, Y-86032 spent most of the time following final brecciation deeply buried in the megaregolith. The neutron fluence data are consistent with cosmogenic ³⁸Ar_cos cosmic ray exposure ages of 10 Ma. Variations among differing lithologies in the amount of several regolith exposure indicators, including cosmogenic noble gas abundances, neutron capture induced variations in Sm isotopic abundances, and Ir contents, are consistent with a period of early (>3.8 Ga ago) lunar regolith exposure, subsequent deep burial at >5 m depth, and ejection from the moon 7–10 Ma ago.     

Multi-epoch spectroscopy of the globular cluster black hole in NGC 4472

We present a study of the X-ray spectral properties of the highly variable X-ray emitting black hole in a globular cluster in the elliptical galaxy NGC 4472. The X-ray Multiple Mirror–Newton ( XMM–Newton ) spectrum of the source in its bright epoch is well described by a multiple blackbody model with a characteristic temperature   kT _in≈  0.2 keV. The spectrum of an archival Chandra observation of the source obtained 3.5 yr before the XMM data gives similar estimates for the blackbody parameters. We confirm that the fainter interval of the XMM–Newton observation has a spectrum that is consistent with the brighter epoch, except for an additional level of foreground absorption. We also consider other possible mechanisms for the variability. Based on the time-scale of the X-ray flux decline and the estimated size of the X-ray emission region, we argue that an eclipsing companion is highly unlikely. We find the most likely means of producing the absorption changes on the observed time-scale is through partial obscuration by a precessing warped accretion disc.     

The continuum variability of MCG–6-30-15: a detailed analysis of the long 1999 ASCA observation

We report on an analysis in the  3–10 keV  X-ray band of the long 1999 ASCA observation of MCG–6-30-15. The time-averaged broad iron K line is well described by disc emission near a Schwarzschild black hole, confirming the results of earlier analyses on the ASCA 1994 and 1997 data. The time-resolved iron-line profile is remarkably stable over a factor of 3 change in source flux, and the line and continuum fluxes are uncorrelated. Detailed fits to the variable iron-line profile suggest that the active region (parametrized by the best-fitting inner and outer radii of the accretion disc) responsible for iron-line emission actually narrows with increasing flux to a region around  4–5 r _g  . In contrast with the iron line, the power-law continuum exhibits significant variability during the 1999 observation. Time-resolved spectral analysis reveals a new feature in the well-known photon index (Γ) versus flux correlation: Γ appears to approach a limiting value of  Γ∼2.1  at high flux. Two models are proposed to explain both the new feature in the Γ versus flux correlation and the uncorrelated iron-line flux: a phenomenological two power-law model, and the recently proposed 'thundercloud' model of Merloni & Fabian . Both models are capable of reproducing the data well, but because they are poorly constrained by the observed Γ versus flux relation, they cannot at present be tested meaningfully by the data. The various implications and the physical interpretation of these models are discussed.     

Contaminant transport in one‐dimensional single fractured media: semi‐analytical solution for three‐member decay chain with pulse and Heaviside input sources

A semi‐analytical solution of the one‐dimensional transport for considering a three‐member decay chain in a single fracture with pulse and Heaviside input sources has been studied using the Laplace transform and its numerical inversion. The results reveal that breakthrough curves of dimensionless concentration for the decay chain of Np‐237, U‐233, and Th‐229 in the fracture can be well demonstrated in the temporal and spatial domains. The conditions with and without retardation effects are also compared. During the preliminary screening phase the solutions are suitable for performance assessment on radioactive waste disposal sites under a one‐dimensional single fracture condition. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.