人口统计数据的空间转换

在经济和社会研究中,所要研究的区域之上经常没有数据,而这些数据需要由已知区域的数据求得,即统计数据需要空间转换,这就通常涉及到面积内插。本文从GIS的角度研究如何解决人口内插问题,认为面积内插和GIS中的叠加分析是一致的。在传统的面积内插方法的基础上是提出了基于人口真实分布的面积内插方法,并推导出了公式。同时提出了人口密度的递归算法,即把居住区分为人口稀疏地区和人口稠密地区,估计出人口稀疏地区的人口密度,就可以求出人口密集地区的人口密度;再把人口密集区分为新的人口稀疏区和密集区,此过程反复直至求出接近于人口真实分布的人口模型。     

深圳建设现代化国际性城市的条件与策略

全球化时代,城市竞争是地区竞争的突出表现,国际性城市是大城市发展的目标取向。文章依据国际性城市的内涵与条件,对深圳的地理区位、市场体制、综合实力、人口及科教水平等因素进行了系统分析与客观评价,提出了未来城市建设的国际化策略,以期对深圳“二次创业”提供参考。     

汉诺坝辉石岩包体中单斜辉石的微区微量元素组成特征及其地球动力学意义

本文对来自汉诺坝玄武岩中的三类辉石岩包体的单斜辉石（Cpx）利用LA—ICP—MS进行了原位微区微量元素分析研究。金云母单斜辉石岩中的单斜辉石具有低Cr,Co和Ni，高CaO、Zr、Hf、Ta和LREE特征，并且具有较低的Mg^#，反映金云母单斜辉石岩可能是经受了后期交代作用的地慢岩浆堆晶产物尖晶石二辉橄榄岩中的石榴辉石岩脉体中的Cpx具有高Na2O低CaO特征，其Ti、Zr、Hf、Y含量明显高于其它石榴辉石岩Cpx中的含量，反映了石榴辉石岩脉体可能是富Na硅酸盐熔体与地幔尖晶石二辉橄榄岩反应的成因，部分石榴辉石岩包体的Cpx具有特征的La富集或微量元素（如Zr、Hf、Ta、Li、P、REE等）环状对称分布特征，暗示华北克拉通北缘可能存在多期次地幔交代富集作用．通过对同一Cpx颗粒中的流体包裹体密集区和干净区域的对比研究，发现Cpx中的流体包襄体不仅富集LILE和LREE，而且HFSE中的Nb、Ta、Zr和P也具有明显的富集特征，LREE和HFSE未发生明显分异，这可能暗示地幔交代流体中含有少量的络阴离子（如F^-和Cl^-等）．     

数字栅格地图的制作

阐述了数字栅格地图制作的技术流程 ,并对技术流程的关键技术问题作了详细的阐述。从方法上解决了扫描过程中因阈值选择不当而出现的断线、粘连现象 ,从原理上介绍了几何纠正。最后从方法上介绍了彩色数字栅格地图的色彩归一化。     

The 1998 Flood on the Yangtze, China

This paper examines the main causes ofthe 1998 flood on the Yangtze and addresses a numberof issues related to the exploitation of naturalresources and counter-measures to the flood hazard.The records show that both the amount of precipitationover the catchment and the floodwater discharge fromthe upper basin did not exceed the historical maximum,but water levels in the middle basin were recordedmuch higher than the historical maximum. Humanactivities have greatly increased the risk of theflood hazard. Extensive reclamation of the lakes andfluvial islands in the middle basin has considerablyreduced the floodwater storage and drainage capacityof these natural landscapes of the Yangtze Basin.Deforestation in the catchment area has induced soilerosion, resulting in a large amount of sedimentdeposited in reservoirs whose storage capacity is thusreduced. Strengthening the flood defence to protectpeople living on the floodplain has raised the waterlevel during the flood. An integrated approach isneeded to produce a balanced management plan that canmeet the financial needs of local people in thecatchment area as well as reduce flood risk to theindustries and urban residents in the middle basin ofthe Yangtze.     

X级耀斑过程中的磁剪切变化(英文)

通过对活动区NOAA 6891中三个X级耀斑前后的向量磁场分析 ,研究耀斑发生条件与耀斑发生前后横向磁场和磁剪切变化的关系。我们发现与Hagyard的耀斑发生条件不同的是 ,强的横向磁场和磁剪切不是活动区中耀斑发生的充要条件。我们的结果表明 ,活动区NOAA 6891 1 991年 30日的耀斑发生在横向磁场和磁剪切剧烈下降后。尽管 1 0月 2 7日的耀斑发生后横向磁场和磁剪切变化很大 ,但由于有新磁流浮现 ,造成磁中性线的改变 ,使得横向磁场和磁剪切变化与耀斑发生的联系变得比较复杂。     

Modelling of the retreat process of composite riverbank in the Jingjiang Reach using the improved BSTEM

Bank retreat in the Jingjiang Reach is closely related not only to the near‐bank intensity of fluvial erosion but also to the composition and mechanical properties of bank soils. Therefore, it is necessary to correctly simulate bank retreat to determine the characteristics of fluvial processes in the Jingjiang Reach. The current version of bank stability and toe erosion model (5.4) was improved to predict riverbank retreat, by inputting a dynamic water table, and calculating the approximation of the distribution of dynamic pore water pressure in the soil near the river bank face, and considering the depositional form of the failed blocks, which is assumedly based on a triangular distribution, with the slope approximately equalling the stable submerged bank slope and half of collapsed volume deposited in the bank‐toe region. The degrees of riverbank stability at Jing34 were calculated using the improved bank stability and toe erosion model. The results indicate the following trends: (a) the degrees of riverbank stability were high during the dry season and the rising stage, which led to minimal bank failure, and (b) the stability degrees were low during the flood season and the recession stage, with the events of bank collapse occurring frequently, which belonged to a stage of intensive bank erosion. Considering the effects of bank‐toe erosion, water table lag, and the depositional form of the collapsed bank soil, the bank‐retreat process was simulated at the right riverbank of Jing34. The model‐predicted results exhibit close agreement with the measured data, including the total bank‐retreat width and the collapsed bank profile. A sensitivity analysis was conducted to determine the quantitative effects of toe erosion and water table lag on the degree of bank stability. The calculated results for toe erosion indicate that the amount of toe erosion was largest during the flood season, which was a primary reason for bank failure. The influence of water table lag on the degree of stability demonstrates that water table lag was an important cause of bank failure during the recession stage.     

CO2 absorption of sandy soil induced by rainfall pulses in a desert ecosystem

Soil CO₂ flux is strongly influenced by precipitation in many ecosystem types, yet knowledge of the effects of precipitation on soil CO₂ flux in semi‐arid desert ecosystems remains insufficient, particularly for sandy soils. To address this, we investigated the response of sandy soil CO₂ flux to rainfall pulses in a desert ecosystem in northern China during August–September 2011. Significant changes (P < 0.05) were found in diel patterns of soil CO₂ flux induced by small (2.1 mm), moderate (12.4 mm) and large (19.7 mm) precipitation events. Further analysis indicated that rainfall pulses modified the response of soil CO₂ flux to soil temperature, including hysteresis between soil CO₂ flux and soil temperature, with F_s higher when T_s was increasing than when T_s was decreasing, and the linear relationship between them. Moreover, our results showed that rainfall could result in absorption of atmospheric CO₂ by soil, possibly owing to mass flow of CO₂ induced by a gradient of gas pressure between atmosphere and soil. After each precipitation event, soil CO₂ flux recovered exponentially to pre‐rainfall levels with time, with the recovery times exhibiting a positive correlation with precipitation amount. On the basis of the amounts of precipitation that occurred at our site during the measurement period (August–September), the accumulated rain‐induced carbon absorption evaluated for rainy days was 1.068 g C m^?2; this corresponds approximately to 0.5–2.1% of the net primary production of a typical desert ecosystem. Thus, our results suggest that rainfall pulses can strongly influence carbon fluxes in desert ecosystems. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

中国L波段探空湿度观测资料的质量评估及偏差订正

L波段探空观测资料无论在天气预报还是数值预报中均为最基本和最重要的一类数据,而其湿度观测资料的质量对同化分析及降水预报有直接影响。通过用L波段探空湿度观测资料与不同类型的其他观测反演的湿度资料互校及与NCEP、GRAPES、EC等不同模式分析场为背景的湿度场比较,评估中国L波段探空湿度观测资料的质量状况,对探空湿度资料的质量有了新的认识,为更好地使用该资料提供依据。研究发现中国L波段探空湿度观测资料存在偏干的现象,特别是当背景场湿度大于60%时,观测湿度偏低更加明显。通过分析其偏差特征,找出了适合中国L波段探空湿度观测资料偏差特点的分段函数订正方法。个例试验表明,对探空湿度观测资料的偏差订正后,观测偏差明显减小,订正效果非常显著;模式降水强度预报能力有一定的提高。从连续试验检验的降水预报评分(TS)和预报偏差(Bias)看,中雨和暴雨的预报在探空湿度观测偏差订正后都表现出正效果。