科尔沁沙地优势固沙灌木叶片凋落物分解的主场效应

在气候变化和人类活动的影响下,科尔沁沙质草地中灌木植物种增加,导致沙质草地逐渐向灌木地转变。选取该地区优势固沙灌木差不嘎蒿（Artemisia halodendron）和小叶锦鸡儿叶（Caragana microphylla）凋落物及其混合凋落物开展交互移置培养试验,分析了培养过程中CO₂释放和干物质损失量以及混合凋落物CO₂释放量实测值与预测值的差异,辨析主场效应产生的原因及其驱动机制,以期为将主场效应纳入到凋落物分解模型提供理论基础。结果表明：与高质量的小叶锦鸡儿叶凋落物相比,质量较低的差不嘎蒿叶凋落物分解具有更强的主场效应;其次,引起叶凋落物分解的主场效应归因于土壤微生物的特化作用,而不是土壤动物的搬运或贮藏行为。此外,混合凋落物主场效应与其分解生境中长期输入的凋落物的质量相似性紧密相关,质量相似性越大,主场效应越强,这也是本研究中混合凋落物分解在差不嘎蒿灌丛土壤下具有较强主场效应的原因。     

中南半岛春季土壤湿度异常对亚洲热带夏季风建立和发展的影响

利用WRF区域模式模拟分析了中南半岛地区春季土壤湿度异常对亚洲热带夏季风建立和发展的影响,结果表明:亚洲热带夏季风对中南半岛春季土壤湿度的响应是不对称的,当中南半岛春季土壤湿度偏高时,中南半岛及孟加拉湾周边地区呈现异常东风,伴随降水减少,季风减弱;而中南半岛春季土壤湿度偏低时,孟加拉湾及周边地区西风减弱,降水减少,季风也对应减弱。通过进一步分析物理机制得到,中南半岛春季土壤湿度异常偏高使季风建立初期感热减小,陆表温度明显降低,从而导致海陆温差逐渐降低,使季风减弱;而中南半岛春季土壤湿度异常偏低使整个中南半岛区域蒸发减少,导致地表向上输送的水汽减少,减弱季风环流和降水。此外,通过分析850 h Pa纬向风及对流层中上层经向温度梯度两项季风暴发指数,探讨了中南半岛春季土壤湿度异常对孟加拉湾东部季风暴发时间的影响,结果表明:中南半岛春季土壤湿度偏高时,孟加拉湾东部季风暴发时间大约推迟10天左右,而土壤湿度较低对亚洲热带夏季风暴发时间影响甚微。     

Extraction of potassium from biotite by Ba<Superscript>2+</Superscript>/K<Superscript>+</Superscript> ion exchange and the structural transformation

Potassium has been extracted successfully from biotite by Ba²⁺/K⁺ ion exchange. The potassium release rate increased along S-curve versus reaction time. The maximum of potassium release rate was about 96 %. Powder X-ray diffraction spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy were used to characterize the obtained samples to reveal the exchanging behavior and structural transformation. The results showed that after treated with Ba(NO₃)₂ four times the original biotite transformed to vermiculite-type hydrated Ba-mica. The (001) basal plane was expanded from 1.000 nm of biotite to 1.221 nm of hydrated Ba-mica. Because of the “vacancy effect,” the Ba²⁺ has two different statuses, causing the structural water vibration of vermiculite-type hydrated Ba-mica split. The edge of vermiculite-type hydrated Ba-mica was crimped compared with the flat edge of original biotite. The (001) basal plane of dehydrated Ba-mica was also split, supporting the “vacancy effect.”     

青藏高原地区近地表冻融状态判别算法研究

青藏高原地区以其独特的气候水文特征被称为“亚洲水塔”, 这一地区广泛分布的冻土及其冻融过程对地表非绝热加热与水文过程具有重要影响。然而, 恶劣和复杂的地理环境为这一区域的地表冻融过程本地观测和遥感监测均带来极大挑战。本文利用AMSR-2传感器遥感数据开展青藏高原地区的近地表冻融判别算法研究, 包括判别式算法和季节性阈值算法, 并使用4个青藏高原典型地区的土壤温湿度密集观测网数据对算法进行区域适应性优化。研究特别针对季节性阈值算法进行了两点改进: 首先考虑到地表发射率的变化对于冻融相态的转变指示更为直接,故采用6.9 GHz水平(H)极化的准发射率替换季节性阈值算法中的原有冻结因子; 其次使用一种新的数据归一化方法：标准差归一化方法, 用以替代原有的离差归一化方法, 并通过阈值设定对判别精度的影响分析改进后的优势。结果证明, 冻融判别式算法在升轨时期的整体精度最具优势, 其优势在于能够减少夏季地表发射率复杂变化导致的误判, 基于标准差归一化方法的季节性阈值算法在降轨时期的整体精度具有优势。通过对不同典型区域的冻融土辐射特征和判别精度的分析, 发现地表发射率的变幅(初始液态含水量)大小是影响所有冻融判别算法精度的最关键因素。     

Self-adaptive segmentation of satellite images based on a weighted aggregation approach

Image segmentation is a decisive process in object-based image analysis, while the uncertainty of segmentation scales can significantly influence the results. To resolve this issue, this study proposes a Self-Adaptive Segmentation (SAS) method which bridges the gap between the inherent scale and segmentation scale of each object. Firstly, SAS is defined as a variable-scale segmentation approach, aiming at generating local optimum results. It is then implemented based on Segmentation by Weighted Aggregation (SWA) method and optimized by selfhood scale estimation technique. Secondly, two images derived from WorldView-2 (an urban area) and Landsat-8 (a farmland area) are employed to verify the effectiveness and adaptability of this method. Thirdly, it is further compared with SWA and mean shift method by reference to two evaluations, including an unsupervised evaluation, i.e., Global Score (GS), and a supervised one named Geometry-based comparison. The experimental results indicate the SAS method presented in this study is effective in solving the scale issues in multiscale segmentations. It shows higher accuracy than SWA through assigning an appropriate segmentation scale for each object. Moreover, the segmentation results achieved by SAS method in both study areas are more accurate than those by mean shift method, which demonstrates the stable performance of SAS method across diverse scenes and data sets. This advantage is more obvious in farmland area than in urban scene, according to the accuracy assessment results.     

改进的基于非高斯双参数模型的图像滤波算法

以描述小波系数分布规律的非高斯双参数模型为基础,介绍和分析了BiShrink滤波算法,指出了其存在的不足。提出的改进算法采用冗余小波变换替代正交小波变换,将子带内小波系数的局部相关性纳入滤波过程,给出了局部自适应的阈值估计策略,再通过双参数联合收缩函数达到系数收缩的目的。实验结果表明,改进算法同时兼顾了子带内小波系数之间的相关性和尺度间系数的传播特性,在有效滤除噪声的同时,较好地保持了图像的细节信息。     

Performance of the BDS3 experimental satellite passive hydrogen maser

Various types of onboard atomic clocks such as rubidium, cesium and hydrogen have different frequency accuracies and frequency drift rate characteristics. A passive hydrogen maser (PHM) has the advantage of low-frequency drift over a long period, which is suitable for long-term autonomous satellite time keeping. The third generation of Beidou Satellite Navigation System (BDS3) is equipped with PHMs which have been independently developed by China for their IGSO and MEO experimental satellites. Including Galileo, it is the second global satellite navigation system that uses PHM as a frequency standard for navigation signals. We briefly introduce the PHM design at the Shanghai Astronomical Observatory (SHAO) and detailed performance evaluation of in-orbit PHMs. Using the high-precision clock values obtained by satellite-ground and inter-satellite measurement and communication systems, we analyze the frequency stability, clock prediction accuracy and clock rate variation characteristics of the BDS3 experimental satellites. The results show that the in-orbit PHM frequency stability of the BDS3 is approximately 6 × 10^?15 at 1-day intervals, which is better than those of other types of onboard atomic clocks. The BDS3 PHM 2-, 10-h and 7-day clock prediction precision values are 0.26, 0.4 and 2.2 ns, respectively, which are better than those of the BDS3 rubidium clock and most of the GPS Block IIF and Galileo clocks. The BDS3 PHM 15-day clock rate variation is ? 1.83 × 10^?14 s/s, which indicates an extremely small frequency drift. The 15-day long-term stability results show that the BDS3 PHM in-orbit stability is roughly the same as the ground performance test. The PHM is expected to provide a highly stable time and frequency standard in the autonomous navigation case.     

Suitability assessment of urban land use in Dalian,China using PNN and GIS

Natural Hazards - The suitability assessment of land use is crucial to avoid wasting land resources. However, the traditional methods with subjective weights are prone to reduce the reasonability...     

典型温带针阔叶混交林碳收支对温度的响应特征

森林生态系统是一个庞大的碳储备系统,在当前气候变暖条件下,温度变化会对森林生态系统的碳收支过程产生重要影响。该文选择长白山温带针阔混交林森林生态系统（CBS）作为研究对象,利用多年通量及小气候观测资料分析该生态系统碳收支过程对温度的响应特征,结果显示该温带森林碳交换的季节变化特征十分明显。生态系统总初级生产力GPP、生态系统呼吸R_e和净生态系统碳交换NEE在2003—2008年的月平均变化显示,碳收支3个组分最大值均出现在夏季,GPP最大值出现在7月,R_e最大值主要出现在8月,NEE负方向的最大值主要出现在6月或7月,表现为碳吸收。在日尺度和月尺度对温度的响应上,GPP和R_e都是随温度（气温和5 cm土壤温度）呈显著的指数升高形式。在日尺度上和月尺度上, NEE对气温的响应皆是分段线性形式,先是随气温的上升而正向增大,表现为碳排放;当超过临界温度,随气温的继续上升而负值增大,表现为碳吸收。根据温度、GPP、R_e以及NEE的季节的变化,每年达到最大的GPP、R_e以及NEE的最适温度均不同,这表明了在气温变化的背景下,生态系统的最适温度也在随之改变,也表明了不考虑其它因素的影响,在气候变暖的背景下,长白山针阔混交林森林生态系统的GPP、R_e随气温的升高增大,而NEE随气温的升高而减小。     

Time-lagged impact of spring sensible heat over the Tibetan Plateau on the summer rainfall anomaly in East China: case studies using the WRF model

This study explores the time-lagged impact of the spring sensible heat (SH) source over the Tibetan Plateau (TP) on the summer rainfall anomaly in East China using the Weather Research and Forecasting model. Numerical experiments for 2003 indicate that a spring SH anomaly over the TP can maintain its impact until summer and lead to a strong atmospheric heat source, characterized both by the enhanced SH over the western TP and enhanced latent heat of condensation to the east. Wave activity diagnosis reveals that the enhanced TP heating forces a Rossby wave train over the downstream regions. A cyclonic response over the northeast TP brings about a low-level northerly anomaly over northern China, while an anticyclonic response over the western Pacific enhances the subtropical high and the low-level southerly on its western flank. As a result, cold and dry airflow from mid-high latitudes, and warm and wet airflow from tropical oceans converge around the Huaihe River basin. In addition, warm advection originating from the TP induces vigorous ascending motion over the convergence belt. Under these favorable circulation conditions the eastward-propagating vortexes initiated over the TP intensify the torrential rainfall processes over the Huaihe River basin. In contrast, additional experiments considering the year 2001 with weak spring SH over the TP and an overall southward retreat of the summer rainfall belt in East China further demonstrate the role of spring SH over the TP in regulating the interannual variability of EASM in terms of wave activity and synoptic disturbances.