黄陵穹隆周缘岩溶水流系统特征及成因

岩溶水流系统特征研究有助于地下水资源的合理评价和开发利用。借鉴水文学的研究方法,统计并量化了典型岩溶水流系统的空间特征以及其水文动态响应、温度场和电导率特征。划分了扇状、树枝状、平行状、梳状4种地下水系来综合反映岩溶水流系统的地表-地下岩溶特征,前两者主管道垂直于地层走向,构造裂隙起汇水作用,后两者主管道平行于地层走向,层面裂隙起汇水作用。黄陵穹隆西北翼、西翼和南翼以平行状和树枝状为主,东翼和北翼则以扇状水系和平行状水系为主。不同地下水系结构的形成及区域差异与含水系统和水系的空间关系和级次性密切相关,并表现出不同的动态特征。扇状和平行状岩溶水流系统对降雨响应最为敏感,而梳状水系岩溶水流系统响应和衰减过程最慢;基于岩溶地下水温度与出露高程和循环深度显著相关的关系建立了鄂西山区地下水温度线。这一基础性研究可为岩溶地下水流系统研究和当地工程实践提供一定的理论支持。     

鄂尔多斯盆地早期构造演化与沉积响应——以姬塬地区长8～长6油层组为例

通过对姬塬地区晚三叠世延长组的长8～长6油层组岩石组分特征、沉积相特征、震积岩及凝灰岩发育规律的分析,探讨了鄂尔多斯盆地早期构造演化与沉积响应过程。研究表明,秦岭隆升时间大致在长8沉积早期,而六盘山的隆升则是稍晚的长7沉积期,长8～长6沉积期可视为中生代鄂尔多斯盆地的早期成形阶段。姬塬地区长8沉积期构造相对稳定,砂岩中不含碳酸盐岩岩屑,无震积岩发育,主要发育浅水三角洲沉积;长7沉积期盆地西南缘的挤压导致了湖盆强烈坳陷,砂岩中开始出现碳酸盐岩岩屑,大量发育的震积岩与频繁出现的凝灰岩共生,研究区以发育水下扇的半深湖为特征;长6沉积期火山活动减弱,但盆地西部断裂带的构造活动仍较强烈,地层中常有震积岩出现,沉积环境以湖泊三角洲为主。由姬塬地区长8～长6沉积期古地理演化,证明以长7沉积期为界,之前鄂尔多斯盆地的演化主要受南缘构造活动控制,自长7沉积期开始同时受盆地南缘和西缘构造活动影响,但以西缘的构造活动控制更强烈。     

冀北麻粒岩系变质峰期水活度、氧逸度及其化学位变化--以太平寨-娄子山地区为例

脱水反应的热力学计算确定本区太古宙麻粒岩系变质峰期水活度很低,太平寨地区富铝片麻岩和紫苏黑云片麻岩麻粒岩中aH 2O值一般均在0.10～0.20之间,娄子山地区相对稍高,一般为0.15～0.25.全区峰期氧逸度lgfO2在-8～-14之间.(μH2O/XBt Mg)和(μO2/XBtMg)系数平均值太平寨地区分别为- 0.293和-1.60,娄子山地区分别为-0.364和-1.42.全区aH2O很低,同一地区上述各种数值相当均匀,不同地区则有一定差异,这些特征与\"碳质变质\"机理相符,说明峰期水活度可能受深源CO2流渗透的控制,属于外部缓冲性质.     

基底不均匀伸展对盆地构造形成特征影响的实验研究

不同基底伸展条件下砂箱实验模型变形特征的对比分析表明,基底的局部不均匀伸展可以导致伸展盆地构造格局的显著变化,复杂构造面貌并非总是意味着伸展盆地具有复杂的构造变形过程和变形历史。伸展基底的不均匀伸展可以导致锐交角平分线与伸展方向垂直的共轭剪切变形带。      

Frequency analysis of precipitation extremes in Heihe River basin based on generalized Pareto distribution

Precipitation extremes could cause a series of social, environmental and ecological problems. This paper, taking Heihe River basin, the second largest inland river basin in China, as the study area, focused on the frequency analysis of precipitation extremes based on the historical daily precipitation records (1960–2010) at nine stations. Generalized Pareto distribution (GPD) was employed for fitting the peaks over threshold (POT) series, in which Hill plot, percentile method and the average annual occurrence number were used to select the threshold in GPD. Maximum likelihood estimate and L-moment were used to estimate the parameters. The inherent assumptions for POT series were investigated by auto-correlation coefficient, Mann–Kendall test, Spearman’s ρ test, cumulative deviation test and Worsley likelihood ratio test. 10, 20, 50 and 100 year precipitation extremes for Heihe River basin were calculated and analyzed as well. It was found the POT series derived from several methods involved were approximately independent and stationary, and GPD could give a satisfactory fit to the POT series for each station. For the upper and lower reaches, the frequency of precipitation extremes at long return periods (20, 50 year or longer) presented increasing in recent years, and the intensity of the highest precipitation were getting stronger as well. The intensity of the highest precipitation extremes for the lower reach (21 and 35 %) increased higher than those for the upper reach (10 and 11 %). For the middle reach, the frequency of precipitation extremes (over 20 year return level) was not found to be increased. The uneven spatial and temporal distribution of precipitation extremes for the basin especially for the upper and lower reaches were getting more and more serious, which would bring great challenges for the local water allocation and management.     

Incorporating uncertainty of future sea-level rise estimates into vulnerability assessment: A case study in Kahului, Maui

Accurate sea-level rise (SLR) vulnerability assessments are essential in developing effective management strategies for coastal systems at risk. In this study, we evaluate the effect of combining vertical uncertainties in Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) elevation data, datum transformation and future SLR estimates on estimating potential land area and land cover loss, and whether including uncertainty in future SLR estimates has implications for adaptation decisions in Kahului, Maui. Monte Carlo simulation is used to propagate probability distributions through our inundation model, and the output probability surfaces are generalized as areas of high and low probability of inundation. Our results show that considering uncertainty in just LiDAR and transformation overestimates vulnerable land area by about 3 % for the high probability threshold, resulting in conservative adaptation decisions, and underestimates vulnerable land area by about 14 % for the low probability threshold, resulting in less reliable adaptation decisions for Kahului. Not considering uncertainty in future SLR estimates in addition to LiDAR and transformation has variable effect on SLR adaptation decisions depending on the land cover category and how the high and low probability thresholds are defined. Monte Carlo simulation is a valuable approach to SLR vulnerability assessments because errors are not required to follow a Gaussian distribution.     

Mechanism of cultivation soil degradation in rocky desertification areas under dry/wet cycles

Karst rocky desertification is a process of land degradation involving serious soil erosion, extensive exposure of basement rocks. It leads to drastic decrease in soil productivity and formation of a desert-like landscape. In this regard, changes in climatic conditions are the main origin of the soils degradation. Indeed, soils subjected to successive dry/wet cycling processes caused by climate change develop swelling and shrinkage deformations which can modify their water retention properties, thus inducing the degradation of soil–water capacity. The ecological characteristics of cultivation soils in karst areas, Southwest of China, are extremely easy to be affected by external environmental factors due to its shallow bedding and low vegetation coverage. Based on the analysis of the climate (precipitation) of this region during the past decades, an experimental study has been conducted on a cultivated soil obtained from the typical karst area in southwestern China. Firstly, the soil–water properties have been investigated. The measured soil–water retention curve shows that the air-entry value of the soil is between 50 and 60 kPa, while the residual saturation is about 12%. Based on the experimental results, three identifiable stages of de-saturation have been defined. Secondly, a special apparatus was developed to investigate the volume change behavior of the soil with controlled suction cycles. The vapor equilibrium technique was used for the suction control. The obtained results show that under the effect of dry/wet cycles, (1) the void ratio of the cultivated soil is continuously decreasing, leading to a gradual soil compaction. (2) The permeability decreases, giving rise to a deterioration of water transfer ability as well as a deterioration of soil–water retention capacity. It is then obvious that the long-term dry/wet cycling process caused by the climate change induce a continuously compaction and degradation of the cultivated soil in karst rocky desertification areas.     

On accurate detection of oceanic features from satellite IR data using ICSED method

ICSED (Improved Cluster Shade Edge Detection) algorithm and other various methods to accurately and efficiently detect edges on satellite data are presented. Error rate criterion is used to statistically evaluate the perform-ances of these methods in detecting oceanic features for both noise free and noise contaminated AVHRR (Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer) IR image with Kuroshio. Also, practical experiments in detecting the eddy of Kuroshio with these methods are carried out for comparison. Results show that the ICSED algorithm has more advantages than other methods in detecting mesoscale features of ocean. Finally, the effectiveness of window size of ICSED method to oceanic features detection is quantitatively discussed.     

水杨基荧光酮析相光度法测定(微)痕量钛的应用研究

研究了在非离子表面活性剂ＯＰ存在下,钛与水杨基荧光酮（ＳＡＦ）的析相显色反应,重点探讨了干扰及干扰元素的消除,以不同类型的国家级水系沉积物和硅酸盐和人发标准试样,考证了本法对（微）痕量钛测定的适用性。试验表明,在适量抗坏血酸和酒石酸钾钠为掩蔽剂,控制ｐＨ１．５￣２．０范围,ＳＡＦ与Ｔｉ形成灵敏度较高的紫红色配合物,其λｍａｘ＝５３４ｎｍ,ε５３４＝１．３９×１０＾５Ｌ·ｍｏｌ＾－１·ｃｍ＾－１。钛