漠河盆地西部二十二站组碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄、地球化学特征及其物源意义

大兴安岭北部漠河盆地内广泛发育二十二站组,其形成时代及物质来源一直以来备受争议.本文在野外地质调查及岩相学的基础上,利用碎屑锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb法测年,并结合岩石地球化学等方法,探讨了二十二站组形成时代、物源区大地构造环境及沉积物来源.测年结果显示132个测点年龄主要分布在4个群落,分别为508.3～492.3 Ma;486.9～435.5 Ma;278.3～254.2 Ma;209.5～178.1 Ma.本次获得二十二站组最小碎屑锆石年龄为178.1 Ma,并结合漠河盆地东西部碎屑锆石的年龄,综合认为二十二站组形成时代应为中晚侏罗世.地球化学分析结果显示,二十二站组砂岩的稀土元素与活动大陆边缘的稀土元素曲线吻合较好,且相对亏损高场强元素(Nb和Ta)和大离子亲石元素(Ba和Sr),相对富集高场强元素(La、Th、Zr、Hf),地球化学特征与活动大陆边缘相似.综合古流向、源区母岩分析、碎屑锆石测年分析、微量元素特征等诸多因素,本次研究认为本区二十二站组砂岩的母岩主要来源于盆地南缘广泛分布的前中生代沉积-变质基底(兴华渡口岩群、佳疙瘩组、额尔古纳河组等)及各期中酸性火成岩.     

太康4．7级地震前地震活动图像和趋势分析

对苏、鲁、皖、豫交界地区地震活动进行研究,指出该区2006年10月-2010年10月出现一个长轴约230km的3级地震空区。该空区及附近地区存在多项中期异常,即ML≥3地震活动具有频度高、能量强,中等地震震中空间分布相对集中及低b值等。讨论认为,苏、鲁、皖、豫交界地区存在多项中期异常,与2004年10月24日太康4．7级地震的强度不匹配,未来具有发生中强以上地震的危险。     

SEMI-LAGRANGIAN ADVECTIVE SCHEMES AND THEIR NONLINEAR COMPUTATIONAL CHAOS*

In this paper,we have suggested several interpolating formulae which are convinient for vector computers to perform vector calculation.Analysis shows that for a simple advective problem,the semi-Lagrangian schemes constructed with these formulae are linearly unconditionally stable.Moreover,we have discussed the nonlinear computational chaos in the semi-Lagrangian schemes.It is found that for a simple nonlinear advective problem,we can introduce physically unreal and direct interaction of three or more waves.Numerical tests indicate that this phenomenon has certain influence on the simulated results of two-dimensional Benard convection.     

Computing the Sensitivity Kernels for 2.5-D Seismic Waveform Inversion in Heterogeneous,Anisotropic Media

2.5-D modeling and inversion techniques are much closer to reality than the simple and traditional 2-D seismic wave modeling and inversion. The sensitivity kernels required in full waveform seismic tomographic inversion are the Fréchet derivatives of the displacement vector with respect to the independent anisotropic model parameters of the subsurface. They give the sensitivity of the seismograms to changes in the model parameters. This paper applies two methods, called ‘the perturbation method’ and ‘the matrix method’, to derive the sensitivity kernels for 2.5-D seismic waveform inversion. We show that the two methods yield the same explicit expressions for the Fréchet derivatives using a constant-block model parameterization, and are available for both the line-source (2-D) and the point-source (2.5-D) cases. The method involves two Green’s function vectors and their gradients, as well as the derivatives of the elastic modulus tensor with respect to the independent model parameters. The two Green’s function vectors are the responses of the displacement vector to the two directed unit vectors located at the source and geophone positions, respectively; they can be generally obtained by numerical methods. The gradients of the Green’s function vectors may be approximated in the same manner as the differential computations in the forward modeling. The derivatives of the elastic modulus tensor with respect to the independent model parameters can be obtained analytically, dependent on the class of medium anisotropy. Explicit expressions are given for two special cases—isotropic and tilted transversely isotropic (TTI) media. Numerical examples are given for the latter case, which involves five independent elastic moduli (or Thomsen parameters) plus one angle defining the symmetry axis.     

SL3-1型双翻斗雨量传感器常见故障处理及误差调节

通过对SL3-1型双翻斗雨量传感器结构和工作原理进行分析,找出雨量传感器易发生故障现象、原因和维修方法,总结雨量传感器在校准过程中的注意事项和误差调节方法,供同行借鉴参考。     

平潭和漳州深成杂岩中斜长石捕虏晶与岩浆混合作用

在闽东南平潭和漳州火成杂岩中,广泛发育岩浆混合现象,表现为花岗质岩石中存在辉长－闪长质同深成岩墙和淬冷岩石包体。花岗质和闪长质岩石中普遍存在Ａｎ＞７０％的斜长石捕虏晶。这种成分的斜长石是辉长岩特有的,而不是任一种花岗岩的斑晶。在斜长石捕虏晶四周,都有与花岗岩中的斜长石成分相当的斜长石加生膜。斜长石捕虏晶可分为自形的、熔融状、筛孔状和碎片状等四类,它们各自形成于不同的动力环境     

南大洋深海嗜冷菌2-5-10-1及其低温脂肪酶的研究

从南大洋普里兹湾的水样中筛选到一株产低温脂肪酶的深海嗜冷菌2-5-10-1,对其生长及产酶情况和酶性质做了初步研究.该菌株的最适生长温度为5℃,此时分泌的胞外脂肪酶最多;添加Tween80,橄榄油可显著促进脂肪酶的产生.该脂肪酶的最适作用温度为35℃,在0～20℃均保持较高的酶活性,在0℃可保持37%的相对酶活性;酶的最适作用的pH值为7.5,在pH6～9的范围内均存在较高酶活性;对热较敏感,在60℃保温15min可丧失50%以上的酶活性.该脂肪酶的催化作用不需要金属离子的参与,Cu2+和Zn2+对酶活有着强烈的抑制作用.     

Hydrological cycle and water balance estimates for the megadune–lake region of the Badain Jaran Desert,China

The hydrology and water balance of megadunes and lakes have been investigated in the Badain Jaran Desert of China. Field observations and analyses of sand layer water content, field capacity, secondary salt content, and grain size reveal 3 types of important natural phenomenon: (a) vegetation bands on the leeward slope of the megadunes reflect the hydrological regime within the sandy vadose zone; (b) seepage, wet sand deposits, and secondary salt deposits indicate the pattern of water movement within the sandy vadose zone; (c) zones of groundwater seeps and descending springs around the lakes reflect the influence of the local topography on the hydrological regime of the megadunes. The seepage exposed on the sloping surface of the megadunes and gravity water contained within the sand layer confirm the occurrence of preferential flow within the vadose zone of the megadunes. Alternating layers of coarse and fine sand create the conditions for the formation of preferential flows. The preferential flows promote movement of water within the sand layer water that leads to deep penetration of water within the megadunes and ultimately to the recharging of groundwater and lake water. Our results indicate that a positive water balance promotes recharge of the megadunes, which depends on the high permeability of the megadune material, the shallow depth of the surface sand layer affected by evaporation, the occurrence of rainfall events exceeding 15 mm, and the sparse vegetation cover. Water balance estimates indicate that the annual water storage of the megadunes is about 7.5 mm, accounting for only 8% of annual precipitation; however, the shallow groundwater per unit area under the megadunes receives only 3.6% of annual precipitation, but it is still able to maintain a dynamic balance of the lake water. From a water budget perspective, the annual water storage in the megadunes is sufficient to serve as a recharge source for lake water, thereby enabling the long‐term persistence of the lakes. Overall, our findings demonstrate that precipitation is a significant component of the hydrological cycle in arid deserts.     

气候变化对洮河流域水资源的影响

过去40多年来，洮河流域主要产流区甘南高原的气候和生态环境发生了显著变化，通过对引洮工程的引水区——流域上游40多年的实测水文气象数据的统计分析发现，降水和径流总体下降趋势非常明显，20世纪80年代至90年代降水径流减少更多，达35％；而气温则呈上升趋势，但上升幅度没有降水径流的下降幅度大。由于气候升温变暖、草原载畜过量以及过度砍伐森林，导致气候干旱化、山区水土流失加剧、草原植被退化和沙漠化，这一切都将对未来引洮工程发挥效益产生不利影响。     

论透闪石玉命名及分类

德穆尔１８６３年发表了对来自我国圆明园的和田玉及翡翠的矿物学分析成果,将它们分别命名为“Ｎｅｐｈｒｉｔｅ”和“Ｊａｄｅｉｔｅ”。这两个词后来被译成“软玉”和“硬玉”一直沿用至今。其实,它们之间硬度并无不同,“软玉”一词在矿物学界和玉石界使用中也有一定混乱。根据玉石命名原则及和田玉的矿物成分和它在我国悠久的命名历史,建议“软玉”一词以“透闪石玉”取代。透闪石玉是由微晶透闪石组成、具毡状结构、符合工艺要求的玉石。可按地质产状、颜色、工艺等级、并考虑传统名称进一步划分品种。按产状可分为子玉、山玉、山流水等,按颜色分为白玉、黄玉、青玉、墨玉、碧玉等。