基于R2V与Desktop ArcInfo的地图数字化方法

介绍一种基于R2V与Desktop ArcInfo的应用工具结合的地图数字化方法。通过两者的结合使用,获得完整的GIS空间数据,从而达到了地理空间对象的图形数据以及属性数据的统一性和一致性。     

钻孔岩心黏土混浊水电导率、黄铁矿、pH相关性分析及其在古沉积环境复原的应用:以渤海湾西岸平原DC01孔为例

为探讨复原海岸平原沉积环境和精确划分海陆相地层的有效方法,对渤海湾西岸海河以南平原深达30 m的DC01孔岩心以约20 cm间距取样,测试黏土混浊水电导率（EC）、黄铁矿质量分数（w（FeS₂））和pH值,并开展相关分析研究。结果显示,EC与w（FeS₂）正相关（相关系数r为0.47）,而EC与pH以及w（FeS₂）与pH均负相关（r分别为-0.43和-0.52）。根据EC值的大小将DC01孔自下至上分成5个带（Ⅰ—Ⅴ）,进一步分别对5个带的EC、w（FeS₂）及pH做相关分析,结果显示,Ⅱ带相关性最为突出：EC与w（FeS₂）的相关系数为0.83,极强正相关;EC与pH的相关系数为-0.77,强负相关;w（FeS₂）与pH的相关系数为-0.45,呈中等程度负相关。根据Ⅱ带的EC和w（FeS₂）极强正相关、且EC和w（FeS₂）均明显偏高以及多发育黑色泥炭和腐殖质黏土等特征,推断Ⅱ带为受海水影响的盐沼环境;结合AMS¹⁴C测年结果,推测8 260~7 470 cal.B.P.期间,海水曾经影响到DC01孔的位置。另外,Ⅳ带的EC值也偏高,但w（FeS₂）却较低,其EC与w（FeS₂）的相关系数为-0.03,不呈正相关关系,其原因是因为接近地表的上部沉积物因淋溶作用,在Ⅳ带形成淀积层导致EC异常偏高;最上层的Ⅴ带为淋溶层,这样就导致钻孔上部（深6.7 m以上）Ⅳ带和Ⅴ带EC与w（FeS₂）的相关性出现异常。因此在讨论沉积物上部沉积环境时,将EC与w（FeS₂）综合分析可以更精确地划分钻孔岩心的沉积环境。     

PI Forecast for the Sichuan-Yunnan Region: Retrospective Test after the May 12, 2008, Wenchuan Earthquake

The May 12, 2008, Wenchuan M _S 8.0/M _w 7.9 earthquake occurred in the middle part of the north–south seismic zone in central west China, being one of the greatest thrust events on land in recent years. To explore whether there were some indications of the increase of strong earthquake probabilities before the Wenchuan earthquake, we conducted a retrospective forecast test applying the Pattern Informatics (PI) algorithm to the earthquakes in the Sichuan-Yunnan region since 1992. A regional earthquake catalogue complete to M _L 3.0 from 01/01/1977 to 15/06/2008 was used. A 15-year long ‘sliding time window’ was used in the PI calculation, with ‘anomaly training time window’ and ‘forecast time window’ both set to 5 years. With a forecast target magnitude of M _S 5.5, the ROC test shows that the PI forecast outperforms not only random guess but also the simple number-counting approach based on the clustering hypothesis of earthquakes (the RI forecast). ‘Hotspots’ can be seen in the region of the northern Longmenshan fault which is responsible for the Wenchuan earthquake. However, when considering bigger grid size and higher cutoff magnitude, such ‘hotspots’ disappear and there is very little indication of an impending great earthquake.     

Reverse Tracing of Precursors Applied to the Annual Earthquake Forecast: Retrospective Test of the Annual Consultation in the Sichuan-Yunnan Region of Southwest China

An Annual Consultation on the Likelihood of Earthquakes is regularly undertaken in continental China. It is a special kind of intermediate-term medium-range earthquake forecast and a practical service provided by seismological communities within the capability of modern seismology. One of the problems the Annual Consultation encounters is its false alarm rate, which has been higher than expected and has caused numerous controversies on the methodology and significance of the Annual Consultation. To tackle this problem we use the concept of reverse tracing of precursors (RTP) to analyze the long-term seismic activity in the alarm regions, or regions thought to have increased probability of earthquakes, as identified by the Annual Consultation. We apply the Pattern Informatics (PI) and relative intensity (RI) algorithms to the long-term estimation of seismic hazard in the RTP analysis. A retrospective study of the Sichuan-Yunnan region of southwest China, using the data from 1990 to 2003, shows that, by choosing the threshold proportion of overlapped areas between the long-term estimates and the Annual Consultation, the RTP analysis can correctly remove some of the false-alarm regions from the “black list’ and thus reduce the false-alarm rate of the Annual Consultation, without reducing the hit rate. Remarkably, the RTP approach, although originally proposed for short-term earthquake predictions, seems able to contribute to the Annual Consultation as well.     

输入界面对反应谱平台值的影响

为了研究输入界面对设计反应谱平台值(αmax)的影响,利用目前工程上广泛应用的场地地震反应的一维等效线性化波动方法,计算了4类场地在6种不同强度的地震动输入下的地表加速度反应谱。将计算得到的地表加速度反应谱拟合成建筑抗震设计规范规定的设计反应谱的形式,分析了输入界面的改变对反应谱平台值的影响。结果发现:Ⅱ类和Ⅲ类场地在较小强度地震动输入时,输入界面的改变对平台值影响较小,在大强度地震动输入时,对平台值的影响较大;对于Ⅰ类和Ⅳ类场地,输入界面的改变对平台值的影响较小。     

上海市实物地质资料信息管理与服务系统建设

实物地质资料与原始地质资料、成果地质资料并列为三大地质资料.长期以来,地质资料馆以各种账本来记录某种实物地质资料数量有多少、从何处采集、由谁送采、是谁施工等信息.这些账本交流范围十分有限,从而影响了实物地质资料的利用率.为了解决这一难题,上海市地质调查研究院结合地理信息系统、数据库与网络技术开展实物地质资料信息管理与服务系统建设,来提高实物地质资料的信息化管理水平,更好地服务于社会.     

Three-Dimensional Gravity Model Applied to Underwater Navigation

At present, new integrated navigation, which usesthe location function of reference gravity anomaly map to control the errors of the inertial navigation system (INS), has been developed in marine navigation. It is named the gravity-aided INS. Both the INS and real-time computation of gravity anomalies need a 3-D marine normal gravity model. Conventionally, a reduction method applied in geophysical survey is directiy introduced to observed data processing. This reduction does not separate anomaly from normal gravity in the observed data, so errors cannot be avoided. The 3-D marine normal gravity model was derived from the J2 gravity model, and is suitable for the region whose depth is less than 1000 m.     

由矩张量反演得到的北部湾地震的震源机制

1994年12月31日和1995年1月10日,在北部湾海域发生了MS=6.0和MS=6.1地震．运用广义反射-透射系数矩阵方法计算格林函数,利用中国数字地震台网(CDSN)记录的两次地震的长周期体波资料,用频率域矩张量反演方法得到了这两次地震的震源机制．反演结果表明,这两次地震都是以剪切位错为主的事件,它们都是在相同的构造环境下,受到同一断裂的构造运动所控制,在北西-南东向为主压应力、北东-南西向的主张应力的作用下发生的．连续发生的MS=6.0,6.1地震,与菲律宾海板块和欧亚板块沿近北西-南东向碰撞有关．MS=6.0地震发生后震源区应力场发生了明显的变化,MS=6.1地震的发生与MS=6.0地震的发生引起的应力场调整有一定的联系．      

基于典型事例推理的路径规划方法研究

提出了把基于典型事例推理的智能方法应用到路径规划过程中。在结合道路网络知识的基础上,定义了典型事例,并基于事例进行了推理。实验结果表明,该算法减少了搜索空间,加快了搜索速度,并满足人们喜欢在熟悉路径上行驶的偏好。     

结合高光谱和高空间分辨率影像提取城市固体废弃物堆

城市固体废弃物给城市的环境及居民的生活质量造成了严重的影响。利用遥感手段提取城市固废堆具有及时和高效的特点,因此具有十分重要的意义。然而,由于固废堆组成成分复杂、分布不规律,仅仅利用高分辨率影像进行提取十分困难。本文结合高光谱影像和高分辨率影像提取了城市固废堆,采用多尺度的研究方法,在对高光谱和高分辨率影像预处理的基础上,首先在高光谱影像上进行了粗提取,然后将粗略结果映射到高分辨率影像上,进行了精确提取。以北京市地区作为研究区域,使用数据包括获取时间接近的Quick Bird影像和Hyperion高光谱影像,利用提出的方法进行固废提取试验,并将最终的试验结果与目视判读结果进行对比,固废堆的识别率为82.35%,准确率为74.81%。同时,该方法与已有的固废提取试验对比结果有显著提高。这一结果表明,本文提出的结合高光谱影像和高分辨率影像提取城市固废堆方法具有可行性。