Types and distribution of silver ore deposits in China

Silver is generally recovered as a by- and co-product along with Au, Pb, Zn, Cu, Sb, Bi, Hg, Sn and W from polymetallic and gold mines in China. Chinese silver deposits can be classified into five principal types according to host rocks. These types and their host rocks are: (1) marine volcanic-sedimentary rocks hosting (la) massive sulfide Pb-Zn-(Cu)-Ag ores and (1b) stratiform Ag-(Au) ores; (2) continental volcanic-sedimentary rocks containing (2a) various polymetallic-silver veins and/or stockworks, and (2b) Ag-(Au) veins in pyroclastic rocks; (3) rocks affected by metasomatic processes including (3a) complex Sn-polymetallic-Ag ores, (3b) Pb-Zn-(Cu)-Ag skarns, (3c) associated W-Ag quartz veins and/or skarns, and (3d) Ag-(Au) zones and veins in altered carbonate rocks; (4) metamorphic-intrusive rocks, principally Ag-(Au) veins in sheared and brecciated metamorphic rocks; and (5) sedimentary rocks including (5a) stratiform Pb-Zn-Ag ores in carbonate rocks, (5b) Ag-V mantos in black shales, and (5c) Cu-(Ag) layers in red sandstones. A sixth grouping includes gossans. The tectonic settings, geological features, and temporal and spatial distribution of these different types of silver occurrences indicate that silver mineralization reflects to a great extent the evolution of tectonic environments in China throughout geological time. Type 1 is generally developed in association with several fold belts from the Caledonian to Yanshanian orogens, while types 2, 3 and 4 correlate with rejuvenation of the eastern China continent during the Mesozoic period. The three subgroups of type 5 are recognized in different stages and various sedimentry and diagenetic environments during the development of paraplatforms and fold belts. Type 6 results from recent weathering of existing sulfide ores or protores. Editorial handling: DR     

华北板块北缘中段含铁变质岩系的时代和构造环境初探

内蒙北部苏尼特右旗以北二道井、哈拉干和红格尔地区的含铁变质岩系中变质基性火山岩Ｓｍ－Ｎｄ全岩等时线年龄为１５１１±７６Ｍａ，这表明该岩系属中元古代而不是以往推测的早古生代，等时线的εＮｄ（ｔ）值为＋６．３±１．７，属亏损型地幔源区岩相学分析表明它形成于规模不大，具中等水深和较弱水动力条件的较封闭海域。据上述特征推测，华北板块北缘中曾存在中元古代初动型火山陆缘。     

综合方法在勘查一个特殊的斑岩型铜银锡矿床中的应用

敖瑙达巴斑岩型铜银锡乡金属矿床既不同于大多数由幔源岩浆衍生物所形成的斑岩铜矿,也不同于大多由地壳重熔岩浆衍生物形成的斑岩型锡(钨钼)矿床。它是分布于过渡性地壳上的、由起源于下地壳-上地幔的过渡性岩浆的衍生物形成的斑岩型铜银锡矿床。根据已取得的资料,在矿区内磁法、电法、化探异常的展布与已知矿化蚀变带一致。凡磁、电、化探异常吻合一致的综合异常,经验证都已见到了矿体。     

空间数据的拓扑关系及其自动生成

本文讨论了空间数据的拓扑关系,对地图的基本图形元素作了更准确的表述;详细介绍和讨论了自动生成空间数据拓扑关系的原理和方法,重点研究和探讨了并列和嵌套的面域拓扑关系。本文所述的方法适用于多种复杂的空间实体关系。     

Effects of chemical environment on the solubility and incorporation mechanism for hydrogen in olivine

To investigate the solubility and the sites of incorporation of hydrogen in olivine as a function of point defect concentration, two-stage high-temperature annealing experiments have been carried out. The first annealing stage (the dry preannealing stage) was conducted at a total pressure of 0.1 MPa, a temperature of 1300° C and various oxygen fugacities in the range 10^?11–10^?4 MPa for times > 12 h. In these heat treatments, the samples were buffered against either orthopyroxene or magnesiowustite, or they remained unbuffered. The second annealing stage (the hydrothermal annealing stage) was performed at 300 MPa and 900–1050 ° C under a hydrogen fugacity of ～ 158 MPa for 1–5 h. Infrared spectra from the annealed samples revealed two distinct groups of bands. Group I bands occurred at wavenumbers in the range 3450–3650 cm^?1, while Group II bands occurred in the range 3200–3450 cm^?1. The hydrogen solubility associated with Group I bands is proportional to f _{O 2} to the 1/6 power for samples preannealed in contact with orthopyroxene, to the 1/3 power for samples preannealed in contact with magnesiowustite, and to the 1/13 power for samples preannealed in the absence of a solid-state buffer. The hydrogen concentration for Group II bands varies with f _{o 2} to the 1/3 power for opxbuffered samples, to the 1/2 power for mw-buffered samples, and to the 1/3 power for unbuffered samples. The dependence of hydrogen solubility on oxygen fugacity and orthopyroxene activity suggests that hydrogen is incorporated into the olivine structure via association with point defects. The presence of two distinct groups of absorption bands indicates that hydrogen is associated with two distinct lattice defects. The following point defect model for the mechanism of incorporation of hydrogen in olivine is consistent with these results: Hydrogen ions responsible for the Group I bands are associated with doubly charged oxygen interstitials, while hydrogen ions responsible for the Group II bands are associated with singly charged oxygen interstitials. Furthermore, the infrared bands observed in naturally derived olivines are present in spectra from our hydrothermally annealed crystals. Thus, the mechanisms of incorporation of hydrogen in olivine under geological conditions are the same as those operative under laboratory conditions. The maximum solubility reached in these experiments was ～ 360H/10⁶Si, which corresponds to ～ 0.002 wt% of H₂O. This value is a lower bound for the solubility of hydrogen in olivine under upper mantle conditions.     

澜沧—耿马7.6级地震前中小地震活动信息熵和分维的研究

从信息论原理和分形几何学的观点出发,采用多种方法,分析研究1988年澜沧—耿马7.6级地震前地震活动的信息、信息熵和分维的变化特征表明,地震前1—2年内,中、小地震活动的信息熵、缺信量和容量维、信息维出现明显的低值变化过程,反映了地震前兆的减熵、降维特点,从一个侧面反映了大震前,一定区域内中、小地震活动的时空变化从无序向有序的演化过程。     

兰州倾斜固体潮潮汐参数的观测研究

本文介绍了兰州形变台FSQ—水管倾斜仪1987—1989年期间观测资料的调和分析结果,讨论了潮汐因子的重复性及其对非潮汐变化的监测能力,分析了气象因素对周日波的影响,並将实测潮汐因子与G—B地球模型理论值进行了比较。     

线性连续变化非弹性介质中地震波射线轨迹与走时研究

地球内部非弹性介质广泛存在,垂向线性连续变化非弹性介质模型具有重要理论与实际意义,本文利用复速度概念推导得到了复速度随深度线性连续变化的非弹性介质中地震波射线轨迹与等时线方程.理论结果表明:在线性连续变化非弹性介质中,射线轨迹呈圆形,等时面的形状为椭圆.最后对射线轨迹与等时线方程的适用性条件进行了讨论.     

北京地区太阳紫外辐射的观测与分析研究

利用北京地区太阳辐射和其它常规气象观测资料，得到了到达地面的太阳紫外辐射的计算公式，并将计算值与观测值进行了比较，两者吻合得比较好。最后给出了北京地区地面太阳紫外总辐射的变化趋势，计算结果表明，地面太阳紫外总辐射对大气浑浊度的变化比对大气臭氧总量的变化敏感得多。     

新疆塔城地区地震地质特征

托里活断层、达尔布特活断层、独山子—安集海活断层及霍尔果斯—卡子湾活断层是塔城地区主要的全新世活断层，均有过多次古地震活动。自１９７７年以来，４级以上地震活动的空区在裕民县西北。据活断层古地震活动复现期及地震活动围空特点分析，今后１０年北天山或塔城西北可能有发生６级左右地震的危险。