超深超大深基坑逆作法施工关键技术

武汉南国中心一期基坑支护工程采用逆作法施工,周边环境复杂,场区内砂层较厚,基坑设计技术要求高,特别是支护结构地下连续墙、立柱桩垂直度要求高、嵌岩深,施工时在软硬互层部位容易产生偏斜,入岩效率低。针对工程施工重难点,从设备选型、工艺选择、钻头选用等方面采取措施,解决逆作法超深超大基坑支护结构施工中的困难问题,介绍了解决问题的思路,取得了显著的效果,施工质量满足相关技术要求。     

2018年5月28日中国吉林松原M5.7级地震引起的液化构造*

2018年5月28日,吉林松原市宁江区毛都站镇牙木吐村发生M5.7级地震(45°16'12″N,124°42'35″E),震源深度13 km,震中位于郯庐断裂带西北侧的扶余/松原—肇东断裂带、第二松花江断裂带和扶余北断裂带交汇处。地震诱发震中距3 km范围内普遍的液化和地表裂缝,给当地居民带来严重灾害。可见液化构造以砂火山为主,其次为液化砂堆、液化砂脉和液化砂席等。液化砂火山又可分为有火山口型砂火山、无火山口型砂火山和无砂型(水)火山。地震液化伴生软沉积物变形构造有变形层理、负载构造和火焰构造、滑塌褶皱、碟状构造和包卷层理等。地震诱发液化砂火山形成过程包括液化层内超孔隙流体压力形成、上覆低渗透层破裂和水、砂喷出地表后砂涌3个阶段。液化和流化砂体在上涌过程中会注入低渗透黏土层形成各种形态的砂脉、砂席和多种类型的变形构造。垂向上地震液化结构可划分为底部松散可液化层、下部液化变形层、上部液化变形层和地表砂火山4层结构。液化层埋深2~5 m,液化层厚度2 m。松原M5.7级地震发震机制为NE-SW(35°~215°)方向挤压应力使断层活跃,推测扶余/松原—肇东断裂是主要的发震断层。松原地震液化构造研究为现代地震活动区和灾害易发区预测提供依据,为地震引发的现代软沉积物变形构造研究提供丰富的素材,兼具将今论古意义,为揭示本世纪以来郯庐断裂带北段进入了一个强断裂和地震活跃阶段提供了最新的实际资料。     

RMJG Rutile: A New Natural Reference Material for Microbeam U‐Pb Dating and Hf Isotopic Analysis

Matrix‐matched reference materials are necessary for accurate microbeam U‐Pb dating and Hf isotopic determination. This study introduces the RMJG rutile as a new potential reference material, which was separated from Palaeoproterozoic pelitic granulites collected in Hebei Province, China. LA‐ICP‐MS measurements indicate the RMJG rutile has extremely low Th (< 0.003 ± 0.01 µg g^?1) and common Pb contents, but high Hf (102 ± 34 µg g^?1), U (61 ± 11 µg g^?1), and radiogenic Pb (~ 20 µg g^?1) contents. Moreover, the rutile yields relatively constant U‐Pb ages and Hf isotopic data. The LA‐ICP‐MS analyses suggest that this rutile has a concordant U‐Pb age with a statistical mean ²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U and ²⁰⁷Pb/²³⁵U ages of 1749.9 ± 32.1 Ma and 1750.0 ± 26.4 Ma, respectively (2s), which are statistically indistinguishable from its ID‐TIMS ages (1750.6 ± 8.4 and 1750.1 ± 4.7 Ma). Precise determination of the ¹⁷⁶Hf/¹⁷⁷Hf ratio by MC‐ICP‐MS in solution mode (0.281652 ± 0.000006) is in good agreement with the statistical mean of the LA‐MC‐ICP‐MS measurements (0.28166 ± 0.00018). Therefore, the limited variations of RMJG U‐Pb age and Hf isotopic composition together with its extremely low common Pb and high Hf, U and Pb contents make it an ideal calibration and monitor reference material for LA‐ICP‐MS measurements.     

塔河油田奥陶系生物扰动碳酸盐岩储集层微观孔隙结构的数字化表征与连通性分析*

塔河油田奥陶系鹰山组和一间房组发育大规模生物扰动碳酸盐岩储集层。在岩心观测和详细描述的基础上,通过岩石薄片的偏光显微镜、阴极发光显微镜观测和柱塞样品的X射线显微镜扫描与分析,实现了塔河油田奥陶系生物扰动碳酸盐岩储集层孔隙结构的数字化表征与连通性分析。结果表明: (1)由于生物扰动区潜穴充填物和围岩基质的岩石组构差异大,使这类储集层呈现极强的非均质性。(2)生物潜穴充填物主要由白云石晶体组成,白云石晶体以自形、半自形晶体为主;白云石晶间孔隙发育,孔隙体积集中于10~100μm³,喉道半径一般小于10μm,喉道长度一般小于40μm,白云石晶间孔为这类储集层的主要储集空间,围岩基质孔隙不发育。(3)生物潜穴充填物孔隙度介于7%~10%,孤立孔隙虽然数量多,但连通孔隙体积占比大,且连通孔隙拓扑结构复杂,孔隙连通性很好;通过表征单元体的尺度粗化升级分析发现,这类储集层的孔隙局部连通较好,而整体连通性相对较差。该研究真实、直观、准确刻画了生物扰动碳酸盐岩储集层微观孔隙结构特征,可为后续这类生物扰动碳酸盐岩储集层的微观渗流模拟研究提供所需的特征参数;未来将这类生物扰动碳酸盐岩储集层微观尺度上的孔隙结构数字化表征和渗流模拟结果与宏观分布规律相结合并应用到实际储集层评价中,可为这类储集层的油气资源量估算、开发方案优选、产能预测和提高采收率提供指导。     

东南极普里兹湾陆架区大型底栖动物群落结构

To explore the spatial pattern of macrobenthic communities and their response to environmental factors in the Prydz Bay,samples were collected using a 0.25-m2 box corer at 10 stations from November 2012 to April 2013.A total of 50 species of macrobenthos belonging to 8 phyla and 33 families were identified,of which polychaetes(e.g.,Maldane sarsi)and sponges(e.g.,Halichondria sp.and Leucosolenia sp.)were the most prominent groups.The macrobenthos in study area were categorized into five functional groups based on the feeding type,and the detritivorous group represented by polychaetes showed the highest average abundance,while the planktophagous group represented by sponges showed the highest average biomass.Macrobenthos abundance(0–592 ind./m2)and biomass(0–1155.5 g/m2)in the Prydz Bay were relatively lower than those of other Antarctic shelf soft-bottom waters,although the compositions of the dominant species and functional feeding groups were similar.The results of the Spearman rank correlation analysis indicated that the average biomass of the macrobenthos and the biomass of the planktophagous group in the study area were negatively correlated with the water depth,sediment grain size and silt percentage.However,these variables were clearly not strong determinants of macrobenthos assemblage structure.Many factors not measured in the study,e.g.,sediment organic matter and iceberg interference,have probably influenced the spatial distribution of macrobenthic community structure in the Prydz Bay.     

基于InVEST模型的宁夏盐池县禁牧草地生态补偿标准空间识别

以农牧交错带宁夏盐池县草地为研究对象,综合集成草地植被与土壤调查、草地信息提取、遥感反演、空间分析等技术方法,基于本地化的InVEST模型,选取碳储存、土壤保持和水源涵养3项关键生态系统服务类型,对禁牧前后（2000年,2015年）草地生态系统服务物质量进行精准评估,在此基础上,采用市场价值法对其价值化,测算禁牧前后草地生态系统服务价值变化量,以此确定生态补偿标准,并借助冷热点、三维趋势分析对生态补偿标准进行不同尺度的空间识别。结果显示：① 禁牧以来,盐池县草地生态系统服务显著增强,其中碳储量增加45.66×10⁴ t、强度增加0.42 t/hm²,水源涵养量增加9 351×10⁴ t、强度增加211.14 t/hm²,土壤保持量增加2 091×10⁴ t,强度增加44.93 t/hm²;② 草地生态补偿标准县域为309.21元/hm²、乡镇尺度介于7.25~1 146.36元/hm²、村级介于3.04~2 074.56元/hm²,村级尺度更能体现草地的生态贡献;③ 补偿标准的三维趋势呈现由西向东提高、南北向呈“U”型分异的特征,补偿热点区集中于盐池县东南部和东北部。     

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三峡与葛洲坝水库泄洪冲沙对宜昌台形变观测的干扰

分析三峡水库与葛洲坝水库蓄水、泄洪、冲沙的非固体潮时、空、强、频特征,研究其对宜昌台地形变观测的影响。