四川盆地中三叠统雷口坡组有利沉积相带及岩相古地理特征

依据四川盆地古地理背景和古气候条件,结合中三叠统雷口坡组野外剖面、岩心和薄片的观察以及单井和连井沉积相等的分析认为,盆地周边水下隆起的障壁作用和干旱炎热气候条件共同影响雷口坡组的沉积相特征,海平面升降变化是控制沉积相发育和空间分布的重要因素。雷口坡组总体为一套障壁蒸发潟湖沉积,可分潟湖边缘坪、潟湖、潮坪和台缘障壁四种沉积亚相类型,并可进一步划分出多种微相。台缘障壁亚相潟湖边缘白云岩坪和颗粒浅滩是有利的沉积相带。雷口坡组可划分出SQ1—SQ4四个层序。绘制了雷口坡期各时段体系域的岩相古地理图,并分析了它们的岩相古地理特征。     

Monotonic and cyclic characteristics of K0-Consolidated saturated soft clay under a stress path involving a variable confining pressure

In certain field conditions such as offshore projects under wave loads or embankments under traffic loads, both the vertical and horizontal stresses are variable. However, previous investigations rarely considered the variation in horizontal stress. To better understand the characteristics of natural saturated soft clay, a series of monotonic and cyclic triaxial tests with a K₀-consolidation state were carried out under a variable confining pressure (VCP) stress path. The development of axial strain, pore water pressure and effective stress path is analysed. The results show that with the increase in η (the ratio of the variation in the mean effective principal stress to that of the deviatoric stress), the undrained shear strength (q_f) decreases continuously. The pore water pressure generation is slightly improved under a stress path with increasing confining pressure. Based on the test results, a unified formula was established to predict the pore water pressure under VCP stress paths. The unique p–q–e relationship of normally consolidated clay in monotonic VCP triaxial tests was also demonstrated. Under VCP stress paths, the amplitude of the pore pressure increases, and the effective stress path tilts more sharply to the right. Moreover, a unified formula was established that can provide a good reference for predicting effective stress paths under cyclic VCP triaxial tests.

     

贵州新元古代大塘坡期巨量锰矿成矿物质来源分析

新元古代大塘坡期,贵州松桃等地形成锰矿集聚区,并发育4个世界级锰矿床,累计探明锰资源量达7亿t。但是什么地质条件下,能导致如此巨量的锰质富集成矿,其成矿物质来源问题一直没有得到满意的解释。本文通过对含锰岩系大塘坡组基底板溪群及海底火山岩中锰含量特征、江南造山带演化以及Rodinia超大陆解体与锰矿成矿关系分析,认为基底板溪群中锰含量高,MnO含量达到0. 16%,板溪群风化壳中锰含量更高,MnO达0. 88%。板溪群中的同期岛弧玄武岩含MnO更高,达到0. 25%,它们可能是锰矿成矿的物源层,是形成巨量锰矿的基础;江南造山带造山挤压变质作用,引起板溪群和岛弧玄武岩中锰质活化、迁移富集;Rodinia超大陆解体,在650 Ma发生拉张裂谷作用,使活化富锰变质流体沿着断裂喷流出海底,形成大量锰矿。     

Comparison of single- and dual-permeability models in simulating the unsaturated hydro-mechanical behavior in a rainfall-triggered landslide

Landslide-prone slopes in earthquake-affected areas commonly feature heterogeneity and high permeability due to the presence of cracks and fissures that were caused by ground shaking. Landslide reactivation in heterogeneous slope may be affected by preferential flow that was commonly occurred under heavy rainfall. Current hydro-mechanical models that are based on a single-permeability model consider soil as a homogeneous continuum, which, however, cannot explicitly represent the hydraulic properties of heterogeneous soil. The present study adopted a dual-permeability model, using two Darcy-Richards equations to simulate the infiltration processes in both matrix and preferential flow domains. The hydrological results were integrated with an infinite slope stability approach, attempting to investigate the hydro-mechanical behavior. A coarse-textured unstable slope in an earthquake-affected area was chosen for conducting artificial rainfall experiment, and in the experiment slope, failure was triggered several times under heavy rainfall. The simulated hydro-mechanical results of both single- and dual-permeability model were compared with the measurements, including soil moisture content, pore water pressure, and slope stability conditions. Under high-intensity rainfall, the measured soil moisture and pore water pressure at 1-m depth showed faster hydrological response than its simulations, which can be regarded as a typical evidence of preferential flow. We found the dual-permeability model substantially improved the quantification of hydro-mechanical processes. Such improvement could assist in obtaining more reliable landslide-triggering predication. In the light of the implementation of a dual-permeability model for slope stability analysis, a more flexible and robust early warning system for shallow landslides hazard in coarse-textured slopes could be provided.     

冀北赤城二堡子片麻状角闪二长岩的锆石SIMS U-Pb年龄及其地质意义

运用岩相学研究理论和元素地球化学研究理论,针对冀北赤城二堡子片麻状角闪二长岩,进行岩相学(4件样品)和地球化学分析(4件样品),结果表明:角闪二长岩的矿物成分为斜长石(30%~35%)、碱性长石(25%~30%)、角闪石(15%~20%)、石英(10%~15%)和黑云母(5%~10%)等。岩石中w(SiO2)介于60.16%~62.16%之间,w(K2O+Na2O)为8.56%~8.82%,稀土总量较高(ΣREE为246.30×10-6~317.76×10-6),(La/Yb)N值为28.18~42.79,具有轻稀土富集、重稀土亏损的分配模式,Eu异常(Eu/Eu*值为0.90~1.03)及Ce异常(Ce/Ce*值为0.91~0.98)均不明显,富集大离子亲石元素(如Ba,Rb,Sr和Th等)及轻稀土元素(如La,Ce和Nd等),亏损高场强元素(如Nb,Ta,Zr和Hf等)。角闪二长岩的锆石SIMS U-Pb年龄为243.1Ma±1.8 Ma,锆石的Th/U比值为0.709~1.258,表明其形成于三叠纪,应该是中生代印支期岩浆作用的产物,这是赤城地区确定的第二个印支期中酸性侵入岩体,其形成可能与赤城-崇礼断裂带在印支期重新活动有关。赤城印支期角闪二长岩体的确定表明赤城、崇礼地区存在印支期(~239Ma^243Ma)岩浆-变质-构造热事件,这对于冀北大地构造演化特征的确定具有重要的指示意义。     

克拉玛依地区野外地质实习基地建设研究

野外实践教学在地学人才培养中具有重要作用,稳定的实习基地是开展实践教学的前提和基础。克拉玛依所处的准噶尔盆地西北缘地区位于哈萨克斯坦、塔里木与西伯利亚三大板块的交汇处,自晚古生代以来经历了多期次、多阶段长期而复杂的地质演化,褶皱构造、大型纵向走滑断裂构造发育,广泛发育晚古生代花岗岩侵入体和蛇绿混杂岩带,沉积地层连续、完整,沉积构造典型、特征显著,古生物化石丰富,白杨河深切峡谷、河流阶地地貌以及乌尔禾魔鬼城雅丹风蚀地貌各具特色,西北缘油砂矿、紫砂矿、金丝玉等矿藏储量丰富。区域内的地层、古生物、构造、地貌、矿产资源等为克拉玛依工程教育基地各院校的地学类相关专业的野外实践教学提供了丰富的教学资源,是一个理想的野外地质实习基地。     

国内首次发现的光彩石

光彩石产于福建省南平稀有金属花岗伟晶岩矿田的石英－白云母－锂辉石伟晶岩中与磷锂铝石，天蓝石等紧密共生，是由原生磷锂铝石交代蚀变生成的次生矿物。本文系统地展示了南平光彩石的产状及共生组合、物性及光性特征、化学成分、X射线衍射特征、红外光谱、差热特征等。 指出了光彩石的产出与否是判定伟晶岩稀有金属矿化的标志。     

新疆额尔齐斯地区裂谷火山岩的初步研究

新疆富蕴县西部上石炭统喀喇额尔齐斯组的变质火山岩,是一套多旋回双峰式古裂谷型火山岩.基性成员为玄武岩。酸性成员为流纹岩.基性岩套由拉斑玄武岩-碱性玄武岩组成.微量元素分配模式证明了地幔成分不均一性;玄武岩浆来自石榴二辉橄榄岩44％的分批熔融;证明古裂谷是在岛弧基础上演化形成。从而说明额尔齐斯断裂带经历了俯冲-碰撞-裂谷三个演化阶段.晚期的碱性玄武岩喷发,标志裂谷作用的消亡.     

Active tectonics of the Himalaya

The Himalayan mountains are a product of the collision between India and Eurasia which began in the Eocene. In the early stage of continental collision the development of a suture zone between two colliding plates took place. The continued convergence is accommodated along the suture zone and in the back-arc region. Further convergence results in intracrustal megathrust within the leading edge of the advancing Indian plate. In the Himalaya this stage is characterized by the intense uplift of the High Himalaya, the development of the Tibetan Plateau and the breaking-up of the central and eastern Asian continent. Although numerous models for the evolution of the Himalaya have been proposed, the available geological and geophysical data are consistent with an underthrusting model in which the Indian continental lithosphere underthrusts beneath the Himalaya and southern Tibet. Reflection profiles across the entire Himalaya and Tibet are needed to prove the existence of such underthrusting. Geodetic surveys across the High Himalaya are needed to determine the present state of the MCT as well as the rate of uplift and shortening within the Himalaya. Paleoseismicity studies are necessary to resolve the temporal and spatial patterns of major earthquake faulting along the segmented Himalayan mountains.