GB 50057与GB 50343关于SPD规定对比

建筑物内低压电源系统电涌保护器(SPD)设计和安装等依据的技术规范为GB 50057-2010和GB 50343-2012。由于两个规范对SPD的相关规定存在较大差异,导致防雷工作中SPD设计、安装等标准无法统一。从SPD术语、安装位置、放电电流、级别设置相关条款进行对比分析,发现:1SPD术语仅翻译不同。2GB 50343对SPD安装位置要求较准确;GB 50057关于SPD放电电流的规定更合理。3SPD级别设置的计算方法不同。     

Evaluation of regional climate simulations over the CORDEX-EA-II domain using the COSMO-CLM model

The COSMO-CLM (CCLM) model is applied to perform regional climate simulation over the second phase of CORDEX-East Asia (CORDEX-EA-II) domain in this study. Driven by the ERAInterim reanalysis data, the model was integrated from 1988 to 2010 with a high resolution of 0.22°. The model’s ability to reproduce mean climatology and climatic extremes is evaluated based on various aspects. The CCLM model is capable of capturing the basic features of the East Asia climate, including the seasonal mean patterns, interannual variations, annual cycles and climate extreme indices for both surface air temperature and precipitation. Some biases are evident in certain areas and seasons. Warm and wet biases appear in the arid and semi-arid areas over the northwestern and northern parts of the domain. The simulated climate over the Tibetan Plateau is colder and wetter than the observations, while South China, East China, and India are drier. The model biases may be caused by the simulated anticyclonic and cyclonic biases in low-level circulations, the simulated water vapor content biases, and the inadequate physical parameterizations in the CCLM model. A parallel 0.44° simulation is conducted and the comparison results show some added value introduced by the higher resolution 0.22° simulation. As a result, the CCLM model could be an adequate member for the next stage of the CORDEX-EA project, while further studies should be encouraged.     

地基微波辐射资料在短时暴雨潜势预报中的应用

利用湖北咸宁站2008年6月1日—2012年8月1日地基微波辐射计观测数据反演的相对湿度、大气液态水含量、大气水汽总量、大气层结曲线,对比分析了短时暴雨与一般降水过程发生前微波辐射计观测资料反映的特征,研究微波辐射计观测资料在短时暴雨潜势预报中的应用。结果表明:当大气液态水含量从1 mm左右急增至约20 mm、大气水汽总量从60~70 mm急增到90 mm以上之后,如果0~6 km整层相对湿度均接近饱和或达到饱和状态,且在800~950 hPa附近存在逆温层,最大K指数超过35℃,最大TT指数 (Thei-Tornqvist指数) 达到或超过40℃,那么未来3 h或6 h内发生短时暴雨的几率大。     

阳泉市城市热岛效应特征分析

利用阳泉市3个国家级气象站资料分析了阳泉市城市热岛效应的年际变化、季节变化、月变化和日变化特征,结果表明：阳泉市存在弱的城市热岛效应,1972年-2011年平均热岛强度0．554℃。阳泉市热岛强度冬、秋季强,春、夏季弱;12月最强,5月最弱;阳泉市热岛强度整体呈显著上升趋势,热岛强度的增加主要是由于夏季热岛强度的增强。热岛强度日变化表现为12时最小,从傍晚开始随降温逐渐增大,到早晨气温降到最低时最大,日出之后迅速减小;2008年-2011年最强热岛强度出现在2010年1月14日08时达7．9℃。阳泉市主要城市发展因子与霾日数、气温呈显著正相关,在目前的经济发展水平条件下,城市化发展可能使阳泉城市温度增高,城市绿地面积的增加可能对热岛效应有缓解。     

The Predictability of a Squall Line in South China on 23 April 2007

This study investigated the predictability of a squall line associated with a quasi-stationary front on 23 April 2007 in South China through deterministic and probabilistic forecasts. Our results show that the squall-line simulation was very sensitive to model error from horizontal resolution and uncertainties in physical parameterization schemes. At least a 10-km grid size was necessary to decently capture this squall line. The simulated squall line with a grid size of 4.5 km was most sensitive to long-wave radiation parameterization schemes relative to other physical schemes such as microphysics and planetary boundary layer. For a grid size from 20 to 5 km, a cumulus parameterization scheme degraded the squall-line simulation (relative to turning it off), with a more severe degradation to grid size <10 km than >10 km. The sensitivity of the squall-line simulation to initial error was investigated through ensemble forecast. The performance of the ensemble simulation of the squall line was very sensitive to the initial error. Approximately 15% of the ensemble members decently captured the evolution of the squall line, 25% failed, and 60% dislocated the squall line. Using different combinations of physical parameterization schemes for different members can improve the probabilistic forecast. The lead time of this case was only a few hours. Error growth was clearly associated with moist convection development. A linear improvement in the performance of the squall line simulation was observed when the initial error was decreased gradually, with the largest contribution from initial moisture field.     

微波辐射计与探空仪测值对比分析

利用武汉站高时空分辨力探空资料(3h,30m)与同址的MP-3000A型地基微波辐射计资料,分析了微波辐射计探测偏差的日变化及时间序列变化特征。结果表明,微波辐射计对大气要素的探测具有较高的探测准确度,但仍然存在一定的探测偏差。温度的探测偏差大值区出现在午后,相对湿度及水汽密度的探测偏差大值区则在凌晨;温度及相对湿度探测误差的时间序列表现为起伏较大,而水汽密度则相对平稳,降水,特别是强降水,会对微波辐射计的探测准确度产生较明显的影响。     

气象因子对无棣海盐产量的影响分析

通过对比分析无棣海盐产量和温度、光照、蒸发量等气象因子的年、月际变化特征，发现海盐产量与气象因子的关系密切：与温度、光照、风、蒸发量明显正相关，与降水、相对湿度为负相关；海盐月平均产量与月平均净蒸发量的月分布特征最为接近，7月降水峰值出现后海盐月产量急剧下降，印证了蒸发量与降水是影响海盐年产量最主要的气象因素。高蒸发总量、特别是3—6月的高蒸发量对海盐高年产量的形成非常有利；降水量降水日数、连阴雨日数、暴雨日数及不同的降水性质对海盐年产量也有影响，风暴潮的发生会使当年及次年海盐年产量大幅减少。     

层状云中冰晶繁生过程对降水影响的数值模拟

在层状云雨滴分档模式中加入冰晶繁生过程,研究繁生过程对层状云微物理结构及降水过程的影响。结果表明:模式云发展到190 min时,冰晶繁生过程发生,繁生层内的冰粒子浓度由10-3L-1增加到7.3 L-1,随后迅速减少,250 min后趋近于无繁生的情况;繁生层及其下方的云水含量较繁生前相同时刻减少约0.05-0.2 g.m-3;190 min,2 400-4 800 m高度层内的水汽含量急剧减少0.1-1.0 g.m-3;190-230 min,2 400-5 000 m高度层的冰水含量较考虑繁生过程之前增加0.1-0.6 g.m-3,240-250 min,2 400-4 000 m高度层内的冰水含量较繁生前相同时刻减少了0.1-0.3 g.m-3。加入繁生过程之后,雨强极大值增加1.8 mm.h-1(6.6%)。由此得出结论:(1)繁生过程发生后,云中瞬时冰晶浓度增加,繁生层下方的云水含量减少,冰水含量先增加后减少,水汽含量减少;(2)繁生过程使得雨强极大值增大。     

自动气象站雨量传感器现场校准方法

随着我国自动气象站的大面积布点建设,对自动气象站的雨量传感器进行现场校准是必需的,只依靠现有的雨量校准设备进行现场校准远远达不到要求,下面针对雨量传感器现场校准中存在的问题进行分析、研究.